Discuss the paradoxes and tensions of pay systems and the problems Thesis

Discuss the paradoxes and tensions of pay systems and the problems these create for the management of the employment relationship - Thesis Example pectations relevant to financial remuneration from employee perspective shall be determined from his qualification, previous work experience, and role in the organization, performance and potential assessment by the employer, work load and cost of living (inflation). The employer share a different perspective while accounting for the salary package for the organization, the bench marking is conducted against the local industries, the profits of the company are monitored, the investment plans are verified and lastly the performance and need of the employee. The perspective shared by employer and employee are therefore distinct, and such distinction has in many cases failed to develop appropriate settlement between the parties on this issue (Mahler, 1986). As per Adams Equity Theory, the inputs and putputs of the employee shall maintain equilibrium. The performance of the employee is closely monitored by the employer on the scale of profit-return, productivity, and maintenance and functional cost-cutting. Therefore in many organizations the pay systems are exclusively designed to offer financial rewards to the individuals who have contributed to the organization, instead of offering such deals to all the employees (David, 2000). There are systems where pay system is employee-centric, irrespective of contribution and performance of an individual, however such system has been nightmare for the employers due to the resignations of the high-performance employees, and consider it as unfair system. The employees have simple desire to be based fairly for their performance and achievements, and their salary shall necessarily take into account the cost of living. The employers share similar approach; however its execution is primarily profit margin driven followed by cost-cutting for the launch for new investment plans. This practice is widely common among the employers of South Asia inclusive of China, India, Malaysia and Thailand (Hamel, 2000). The pay system offered by

Bottled Water Essay Example for Free

Bottled Water Essay Bottled water is one of the easiest ways for getting good water. Bottled water is every where in offices, airplanes, stores, homes and restaurants across the country. People think that bottled water is the best option for their health instead of drinking tap water because they say tap water is not completely pure. What they dont know is that tap water is the same as drinking bottled water because industries like Nestle gives us tap water in plastic bottles. Plastic bottles contain many chemicals that damage our system by giving us different diseases. This increases the risk of people getting diseases while years pass. People dont research enough about how is bottled water is made and how they are just taking away our money in this type of products. Before watching the video about bottled water, I realized how bottled water affects our system like a person and how it affects our environment. After watching the video I really didnt drank bottled water because I am an ecologic person. I have always recycled bottles and in my old school I promoted ways to recycle bottles, and why to recycle. I realized all the pollution is going on in the earth and I like to keep it clean. Even if I am the only person who is recycling one person makes some how some difference for the planet to breath at least a little bit. It makes me sad how people dont care about our planet knowing all the struggles and the lack of resources we now have. I have my personal plastic bottled to refill to drink water. This is some how good for the planet because we can use one water bottled and drink tap water and recycle. If industries like Nestle are giving us tap water in their fancy plastic bottles to make us believe that they are giving us pure water, why not drink tap water if it is the same. In reality, bottled water is just water. Bottle water means garbage, plastic bottles just makes more garbage in the planet and not all of them are recycled as the recycled industries say they are. Most of them end in the Pacific Ocean, rivers, lakes, etc. Plastic bottles besides killing us with their chemicals they also kill animals. This plastic bottles end up in lakes and in natural environments. Fish, birds, and other animals end up eating some how plastic because it is in their environment, this increases the percentage of animals dying in our natural environment; causing endangered animals. It makes me sad how people knowing how plastic bottles or even in my Earth Science class know how tap water is the same as bottled water are the same and they keep buying them. Why not buy your own plastic water and drink tap water if it is going to be the same kind of product and this way we can recycle by using the same water bottle many times, and drinking the same product that industries like Nestle are providing us in bottled water. I hope that with this critical analysis some of my classmates realize how bottled water is bad for their health and how bottled water damage not only us but also our environment. There are many things going on besides bottled water polluting our environment and damage other living animals. Lets no be selfish and take in consideration all of this information. http://www.epa.gov/ogwdw/faq/pdfs/fs_healthseries_bottlewater.pdf http://www.rd.com/health/rethink-what-you-drink/ http://www.chem.duke.edu/~jds/cruise_chem/water/wattap.html http://topdocumentaryfilms.com/tapped/

Research Paper -- essays papers

Research Paper In a child’s life there are many things that can effect school achievement. One of the most common talked about things is parental involvement. However, something that might be just as important is the income of a child’s family. There are several reasons why income is important. Higher income families usually live in better neighborhoods which means better schools. An higher income can also mean more educational programs available to a child, and the ability to choice a school. These are some factors on why family income is important in school achievement. A family that has a high-income will usually live in a better neighborhood then a family with a low-income. A lot of times the better the neighborhood the better the school. High-income neighborhoods are usually more successful in school then low-income neighborhoods. This usually occurs because there are usually more resources available to the wealthier students, and better teachers tend to teach at wealthier schools. Studies have shown that a family’s economic does play a role in school achievement. The more money a family has, the more sources open to a child, which enhances achievement. Reynolds and Temple (1998) looked at low-income, inner city, African American children from Chicago. These are some of the most disadvantaged children in the Chicago school system. The study looked at the programs that were available to the students in this area. By doing so they were able to see how effective public service programs were, and whether or not they actually produce better performance in school. The emphasis of the program was placed on parent invovlment and having smaller classes that lead too more personalized teaching. These two ideas... ... Entwisle, D., & Alexander, K. (1995). A Parent’s Economic Shadow: Family Structure Versus Family Resources as Influenced on Early School Achievement. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 57, 399-409. Pong, Suet-Ling; Ju, Dong-Beom. (2000). The Effects of Change in Family Structure and Income on Dropping Out of Middle and High School. Journal of Family Issues, 21, 147. Reynolds, A., & Temple, J. (1998). Extended Early Childhood Intervention and School Acheivement: Age Thirteen Findings from the Chicago Longitudinal Study. Child Development, 69, 231 246. Shumow, L., Kang K. & Vandell, D. (1996). School Choice, Family Characteristics, and Home-School Relations: Contributers to school Achievement? Journal of Educationl Psychology, 88, 451-460. Research Paper -- essays papers Research Paper In a child’s life there are many things that can effect school achievement. One of the most common talked about things is parental involvement. However, something that might be just as important is the income of a child’s family. There are several reasons why income is important. Higher income families usually live in better neighborhoods which means better schools. An higher income can also mean more educational programs available to a child, and the ability to choice a school. These are some factors on why family income is important in school achievement. A family that has a high-income will usually live in a better neighborhood then a family with a low-income. A lot of times the better the neighborhood the better the school. High-income neighborhoods are usually more successful in school then low-income neighborhoods. This usually occurs because there are usually more resources available to the wealthier students, and better teachers tend to teach at wealthier schools. Studies have shown that a family’s economic does play a role in school achievement. The more money a family has, the more sources open to a child, which enhances achievement. Reynolds and Temple (1998) looked at low-income, inner city, African American children from Chicago. These are some of the most disadvantaged children in the Chicago school system. The study looked at the programs that were available to the students in this area. By doing so they were able to see how effective public service programs were, and whether or not they actually produce better performance in school. The emphasis of the program was placed on parent invovlment and having smaller classes that lead too more personalized teaching. These two ideas... ... Entwisle, D., & Alexander, K. (1995). A Parent’s Economic Shadow: Family Structure Versus Family Resources as Influenced on Early School Achievement. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 57, 399-409. Pong, Suet-Ling; Ju, Dong-Beom. (2000). The Effects of Change in Family Structure and Income on Dropping Out of Middle and High School. Journal of Family Issues, 21, 147. Reynolds, A., & Temple, J. (1998). Extended Early Childhood Intervention and School Acheivement: Age Thirteen Findings from the Chicago Longitudinal Study. Child Development, 69, 231 246. Shumow, L., Kang K. & Vandell, D. (1996). School Choice, Family Characteristics, and Home-School Relations: Contributers to school Achievement? Journal of Educationl Psychology, 88, 451-460.

A Floral Engagement :: essays research papers fc

A Floral Engagement A Floral Engagement From the brides bouquet to the beautiful centerpieces few people realize the time, effort, and consideration that goes into the planning a wedding. The floral patterns and arrangements are just one part of the battle, but if you think about how many flowers are in a wedding then it is easy to see that they are the hardest part of putting a it together. Did you ever think about how many flowers are actually in a wedding? The bouquets and flowers are a very important part of a wedding day. A bridal bouquet should be a reflection of style and should compliment the bride’s dress. It adds that special touch to create the mood desired for the wedding. Flowers should show true depth and add beautiful colors and to a wedding dress. Brides usually try to find bouquets and floral patterns that have a completely unique elegance that reflects them for their special day. There are many things a bride has to do before her wedding day in order for her floral decisions to contrast nicely. Like determining her wedding style or theme, so that all the flowers in the church match the types of things (music, decorations) in the wedding. Hiring a wedding consultant, if she plans to use one to help her out with things including the floral arrangements. Deciding on a color scheme, this way there are not too many contrasting colors in the flowers at the wedding/reception. Planing the reception, like where it’s going to be and climate matters for certain types of flowers. Selecting the dress and headpiece, so that the bouquet matches perfectly. Selecting a professional florist, so she gets the best quality service for a reasonable amount of money. Selecting the bridesmaids' dresses, according to the color scheme, of course, they have to match all the flowers and bouquets also. Deposits have to be paid and contracts have to be signed so that there is no con fusion on what the bride wants, and is going to get. Having both mothers coordinate and pick their dresses, so that they match the color scheme as well. Selecting the men's (groom, and groom’s men) wedding attire so it matches the theme and color scheme. Then finalizing all the details with the florist. Believe it or not, there are a lot of considerations to think of when planning on what kind of flowers and arrangements they want.

Vigilance and E-Governance

VIGILANCE AND E-GOVERNANCE Vigilance means watchfullness or to bring awareness. Vigilance came into existence mainly for the purpose of fighting corruption. Corruption involves misuse of power , money ,government property etc. Though corruption can't be brought down to zero level, we can try to bring it as low as possible. This can be ensured by watchfulness, caution and vigilance. Or in other words it can be achieved by E-Governance. E-Governance is the use of various modern information and communication technologies such as internet, local area networks, mobile phones,etc. by the government to promote democracy and minimize the corruption level. Simply e-governance is electronic management and electronic controllership. Therefore vigilance and e-governance are required for ensuring corruptionless functioning of any private, public or government organisation. In order to achieve this purpose, govenment has implemented various online services under national e-governance plan like pro perty registration, railway reservation, pensions, passport, visa , company affairs, land records, e-courts, etc.Here we will discuss some of the examples and we will see how they are proven to be effective, not only for fighting against corruption but also for improving the efficiency, effectiveness and comfortness of public. ONLINE DELIVERY OF LAND TITLES IN KARNATAKA, INDIA Before the computerisation of The Department of Revenue in Karnataka, farmers had to seek the Village Accountant to get a copy of the Record of Rights, Tenancy and Crops(RTC), a document needed for many purposes such as obtaining bank loans. But there were unnecessary delays and harassments. Many were forced to pay bribes.Land owners found it difficult to access the village accountant, as his duties entail traveling. The time taken by the village accountant to provide RTC ranged from 3 to 30 days depending upon the size off the bribe. A tyypical bribe for a certificate could range from Rs. 100 to Rs. 2000. If some details were to be written in an ambiguous fashion, out of selfish motives, the bribe could go upto rs. 10,000. Land records in the custody of village accountant were not open for public scrutiny. But after the computerisation of The Department of Revenue in Karnataka, for a fee of Rs. 5 , a printed copy of the RTC can be obtained online at computerised land record kiosks in 140 Taluk offices without any delay or bribe. The software incorporates the bio-logon metrics system, which authenticates the users with their fingerprint. A log is maintained of all transaction in a session. This makes an officer accountable for his decisions and actions. The government has also got plans to web-enable the database to make it available for the farmers to receive a copy of the land records locally through an internet kiosk. Although without a signature such a copy will only have an informative value.This scheme is also useful for preventing lands-scam as all the data related to the land is in a common server. COMPUTERISED INTERSTATE CHECK POSTS IN GUJARAT Gujarat has an extensive road network, which carries a large volume of commercial traffic. Major highway systems link Delhi to Mumbai and provide the pricipal link to the Kandla sea port on Gujarat's west coast. Gujarat's 10 check posts are positioned at the border with three neighbouring Indian states. Nearly 25,000 transport vehicles enter daily through these check posts. most of the trucking companies aim to increase their earnings from each vehicle.Often this has promoted transporters to load their trucks beyond permissible axle load, creating a serious safeety hazard. Without the computerisation, a suspect vehicle is flagged to stop , and then weighed on a weigh bridge located away from traffic. The legal penalty for overload is Rs. 2000 per ton. However most of such fines are illegaly negotiated. The problem of corruption was particulaly difficult to attack as the corrupt were backed by politicians. In the abse nce of any systematic inspection of vehicles, the transport companies also adopted various illegal practices.Duplicate copies of a single registration book from the Regional Transport Office (RTO) have been used for many different vehicles, using fake license plates. With the computerisation, all check posts are monitored at a central location using video cameras installed at every check post cabin. The video cameras captures the registration number of all trucks approaching the check post. Image processing software converts the video image of the registration number to a digital form and the details of the truck are acessed from a central database.An electronic weigh bridge measures the weight feeds it to the computer, which automatically issues a demand note for the fine. The use of computers and other electronic devices at the 10 remote interstate border check posts in gujarat, has reduced the corruption and significantly increased the state's tax revenue. ONLINE INDIAN RAILWAY T RAIN STATUS AND RESERVATION SYSTEM: Before the computerisation system it was very difficult to know the availability of train seat and reserving without paying money. Even sometimes passengers had to pay additional money inside the train.But after computerisation, the availability of seats can be accessed by anyone through internet. Passengers can even book tickets online. It drastically reduced corruption. Also autoupgradation of passenger tickets increased the revenue to Indian railways and decreased the additional income(bribe) to TTE. WORK PROGRESS MONITORING SYSTEM: This software is intensively used in all type of industry to monitor its work progress. This is not directly related with money corruption but it deals with monitoring corruption which includes delaying of projects which indirectly leads to increase the hidden cost of the company.CONCLUSION: Thus by deploying both vigilance and e-governance, the level of corruption has been reduced substantially. But the biggest cha llenge in deploying e-governance is not technology but the change in management. Sudden Management change not only affects the culture but also affects the workflow and the workers. E-governance doesn't mean proliferation of computer and other e-accessories, but is basically a political decision which calls for discipline and attitudinal change in officers and employees.

Mendelian Genetics Lab Report Essay Example

Mendelian Genetics Lab Report Essay Example Mendelian Genetics Lab Report Paper Mendelian Genetics Lab Report Paper Its also the framework for the modern research that is making inroads in treating diseases previously believed to be incurable. In this era of genetic engineering the incorporation of foreign DNA into chromosomes of unrelated species?it easy to lose sight of the basics of the process that makes it all possible. These were his conclusions: The hereditary determinants are of a particulate nature. These determinants are called genes. Each parent has a gene pair in each cell for each trait studied. The Fl from a cross of two pure lines contains one allele or the dominant phenotype and one for the recessive phenotype. These two alleles comprise the gene pair. One member of the gene pair segregates into a gamete, thus each gamete only carries one member of the gene pair. Gametes unite at random and irrespective of the other gene pairs involved. (Carlson) The purpose of this lab is to teach students how traits of an organism can be predicted with a dibber cross using the recessive and dominant traits. Using a dibber cross given the phenotype and genotype of Fl (parents), the traits f offspring should be predictable with ratios derived from the dibber cross. Materials and Methods: Part A- Materials furnished are containers of green and albino seedlings. Count the number of green and albino seedlings, and add total number of seedlings. Then Calculate the ratio of green to albino seedlings. (stalagmite) Part B- A corn of ear was furnished, the ear of corn contains four different traits. Each kernel can be one of two colors purple or yellow, each kernel can either be wrinkled or smooth (purple, yellow, wrinkled, smooth). Then determine the ratios in which each of the character traits is found and also what possible genotypes the parents might be. (stalagmite) Results: Part A- Observed Ratios of Green to Albino Seedlings # of green seedlings #balloon seedlings Ratio of green to albino seedlings 71 18 0. 83. 1, Total: 89 This graph shows that there is a ratio of green to albino seedlings. There were 71 green seedlings, and 18 albino seedlings, with a total of 89 seedlings.

Policy Analysis I Paper Essay Example

Policy Analysis I Paper Essay Example Policy Analysis I Paper Essay Policy Analysis I Paper Essay Policy Analysis I Paper Illegal immigration is a major issue that the United States and has been for many years and continues to be an issue. Illegal immigration is the migration of foreign citizen into the United Stated. These men and women enter this country do not meet the legal requirements needed to migrate into this country. Policy makers have gone different directions before an issues turns into a policy. Immigration policies have been in effect for many years and for many years it has been scrutinized ever since their exception. Immigration today and yesterday has been a major problem regardless of polices set in place for it. The illegal immigrates are violating the laws of jurisdiction of the state in, which he or she is illegally entering. Illegal immigrates are usually poor people , which are seeking better opportunities in a country developed, unlike the one he or she is departing. Illegal immigrants cause a huge impact to the United States economical, social, political, and ethical issues. This is why there needs to be a more productive policy or law in place to stop illegal immigrants from entering this country. Illegal immigrates are restricted from entering this country without the visa, which is the proper documentation. In the following essay illegal immigration will be described. In addition, whether the policy is a regulatory or legislative-initiated policy and who initiated the policy. Last, is there a constitutional issue with the illegal immigration policy and how will the issue or policy affects the community, the accused, and the victims if any. Texas a states in, which there is a major immigration problem. Texas population grew 12% from 2000 to 2006, and 26% was directly contributed to immigrants. The illegal alien population in 2005 at 1,618,000, which ranks 2nd in the United States. This amount is about 55% above the United States government estimate of 1, 041, 000 in 2000, and 269% above the 1990 estimate of 438,000. According to The Heritage Foundation (2006), [Illegal immigration into the United States is massive in scale. More than 10 million undocumented aliens currently reside in the U. S. , and that population is growing by 700,000 per year. On one hand, the presence of so many aliens is a powerful testament to the attractiveness of America. On the other hand, it is a sign of how dangerously open our borders are]†(The Real Problem, Para. 1). The main issue is not immigration, but the illegal aspect of it all. The illegal immigration is a major issue in the United States that affects everyone in one way or another. According to Fair (2011), Illegal aliens are divided into two categories; those who crossed the border illegally and those who entered with visas as nonimmigrant’s and stayed illegally† (How did Illegal Aliens Arrive: Without Inspection or With Visas? , Para. 1). There is millions of Americans are presently unemployed or in danger of becoming unemployed. American Labor Unions are in place to help these American; however, the opposite is occurring these unions are lobbying with Congress to grant illegal immigrants amnesty and to stop enforcing laws that stop employers from hiring illegal workers. This is an issue for Americans who are Citizens of the United States. According to Greek Politics (2008), [The problem with illegal immigrants is not that they are here using our resources. The problem is that they are using our resources without contributing anything. America as a country was completely built on immigrants. There is nothing wrong with the idea of immigration. The problem comes when people do it illegally. They use our hospitals and our schools without paying taxes or getting health insurance. Now for the surprise, we should continue to let them use our hospitals and schools]† (2 Ways to Solve the Illegal Immigration Problem, Para. 1). Basically, the issue that American citizens are viewing is that immigrates are benefiting from health care, education, and other public services without giving anything in return. Many hospitals are going bankrupted and as for schools there are larger class sizes and not enough money to supply the large class of students. Americans citizens just want everything to be done illegally so that everyone puts in the same amount if work for the benefits being rendered. In addition, there are many illegal immigrants who should have been deported or stopped from entering the country. Having done so could have stopped numinous accounts of criminal activity. Crimes like unlicensed illegal immigrants who hit-and run, rap children and adults and escape back to his or her country. According to The American Legion (2010), [The security, economy, and social fabric of the United States of America are seriously threatened by individuals who are illegally in this country. They are undocumented, live in the shadows of society and by failing to assimilate into our culture divide America into ethnic conclaves]† (Situation Analysis, Para. 1). Immigration for many years have provided people who are less fortunate with jobs, and the confidence he or she needs to survive in this great country. The policies in the United States for immigration have multiple reasons for its existence. The purposes for which are outlined within the policy are true, and straight to the point. This country has afforded the immigrants some of the best chances they have for survival by allowing him or her entry into this country. First goal is intended is to extend the right for families that already have members here to be reunited with them. Second goal is to allow workers with specific skills, and to provide employment for areas , which are suffering labor shortages. Third goal is to provide refuge for people who are facing political, racial, and religious persecution in their own country. Final goal is to provide diversity for immigrants from countries that do not have high number of immigrants. Immigrants always have been a major player in the agricultural business in the Southwestern United States working as farmers. Immigrants have always paid more in taxes than they have received in government services. Immigrants are very hard working people who have high ambitions, and they know they have to work to get it. Immigrants in most cases are standing around waiting for a handout. Immigration can be a very tricky subject when dealing with it according to the Constitution. Immigrants face profiling or stereotyping every day while trying to be successful in their attributes. Immigrants no matter where they are from or how long they have been in this country they never get the chance to live normally without the fear of discrimination. It does seem to matter where the immigrant is from or why he or she are here he or she still seem to face discrimination. If an individual sits back, and watch the realm of society he or she tends to treat the immigrant groups with a completely different demeanor than people of this country. In summary, immigration is a vital function to this country because of what this country was founded upon. This country was founded on the principles that this is a free democratic country where everyone can go the way each chooses. Each person who has the privilege of living in this country has been exposed to working or living with the immigrants. The one good thing that needs to come from immigration is that everyone deserves the same privileges whether he or she are naturalized citizens are legal immigrants. Reference Fair. (2011). Immigration Issues. Retrieved from airus. org/site/PageNavigator/issues/illegal_immigration. html Greek Politics. (2008). The Way It Really Is. Retrieved from http://geekpolitics. com/illegal-immigrants-problems-and-solutions/ The American Legion. (2010). The American Legion Policy on Illegal Immigration. Retrieved from legion. org/documents/legion/pdf/illegalimmigration. pdf The Heritage Foundation. (2006). The Real Problem with Immigration and the Real Solution. Retrieved from heritage. org/research/reports/2006/03/the-real-problem-with-immigration-and-the-real-solution

Disadvantages of Teamwork in a Business Essay Example

Disadvantages of Teamwork in a Business Essay Example Disadvantages of Teamwork in a Business Paper Disadvantages of Teamwork in a Business Paper Sometimes, for some people the workplace in teamwork is a bad place to be. In order to work with other people and be as efficient as you can, you should try to accept all the features and whims that the others may have. Furthermore, working with other people for achieving the same goal, requires being a lot patient and sometimes tolerant along the way. Every person has their own personality, character and of course influenced by their culture, religion and values. Therefore, it’s normal in working teams that opinion between employees to vary, but in some cases people become very aggressive on the others because they believe that their thought is the correct one. In addition, they may do not want to hear anything else about a specific topic and have difficulty accepting ideas that may differ from their own, this will result as an unnecessary disruption which may leads to breakdowns in working relationships. Also, an equivalent attitude by two or more team members may lead a team member to go against his/her better judgment in order to escape the wrath of others or to facilitate the completion of the project. Furthermore, there are some projects which have a time limit and a deadline. According to the ‘enterprenier. com’ a team sometimes needs more time to produce a desire result. Generally, teams typically need to go through a variety of processes, such as member selection, organisation and socialization in order to complete the task at hand. Therefore, teams need to work hard enough to finish the project efficiently and on time in order to get a satisfactory result. mindtools. com/pages/article/newTMM_84. htm http://smallbusiness. chron. com/disadvantages-teamwork-workplace-1937. html

Austin Hill Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Austin Hill Project - Essay Example On the other hand, through Matt interview we are able to understand the success of the project as a product of his ability to distill the shifting diagram from the previous design meeting in which people the idea and the dream of the project. The success of the project can also be understood from the Llene Kleinsorge interview based on his viewpoint. Right from what the first question that needed the chronology of how the Austin Hall came to being, his response and explanation sets a clear precedent on the possibility of success as it was based on a proactive plan and ensuring every necessary material needed was put into place that even captured a lot of donations and contributions from other outside stakeholders. He pointed out on the need to include the fireplace within the building advancement further to explain how people were ready and willingly contributed towards the project based on the fact that they were able to provide effective leadership based on effective communication to convey every significant information to the stakeholders while at the same time embracing proactive management style to every stakeholder of the project. Llene interview also revealed the success of the project as fully to have been embedd ed on higher degree of prioritizing amongst the actions to be executed and at what particular time. The project has presented a lot of valuable success based on how it is designed to being the Leader in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) silver certification. With the inclusion of the professional meeting rooms, events space and a behavioral research center particularly for the business community, the project is thumped as the most successful. The project has also led to a prominent career success Center that assist the learners to acquire internships jobs as well as interviews. The ability to connect the facility to the Beth Ray Center for Academic Support has help map the institution as

The Thought Experiment in the Foundations of Artificial Intelligence Research Paper

The Thought Experiment in the Foundations of Artificial Intelligence - Research Paper Example However, this is limited to a text only channel such as a keyboard and display screen to display the results. The test involves an interrogator, a machine and a person. The interrogator should be in a room separated from both the machine and the other person. All participants are in fact completely separated from each other, whereby both the machine and the person are designated labels X and Y. This means that he does not know which one is the machine and which one is the person at the beginning of the game. The interrogator’s objective is to distinguish between the two using a series of questions on the machine and the other person as well. The questions could be of the form â€Å"Will X please tell me whether X plays chess?† (Oppy Graham, Dowe David, 2011, The Turing Test, para. 7). Both must answer the question. The machine’s objective is to try and convince the interrogator that it’s indeed the other person, while the person tries to help him identify correctly which one is the machine. If the interrogator fails to reliably tell the machine from the human, then the machine is said to have passed the test. The test does not check the ability to give the correct answer; however it checks how closely the answer resembles that of a typical human answer. ... The technology available now is far from achieving a credible human-like conversation for five minutes as Turing believed it would. The dynamics of human conversation are far too complex as factors like arrangement of words come into play. This can be well observed in the Loebner Prize Competition; an annual event in which computer programs are submitted to the Turing Test. Such competitions have catalysed the growth of AI technology substantially over the years, whereby programs like ELIZA came up. In 1997, one exceptional program called CONVERSE, developed by David Levi and his team, including a well-known researcher in computational linguistics, Yorick Wilks, won the Loebner Prize competition (William J. Rapaport, 2005, The Turing Test). Turing’s experiments focuses mainly on an AI machine’s ability to understand natural language. However this test has undergone some objections over time whereby some people suggest that it is chauvinistic i.e. it only recognizes inte lligence in things that have the capacity to sustain a conversation with humans. Others thought that the Turing Test is not sufficiently demanding. Turing (1950) however considered possible objections to his claim that machines can â€Å"think†. He went ahead and labelled them such as; The Theological objection, the â€Å"Heads in the sand† objection, The Argument from Consciousness, Arguments from Various Disabilities, Lady Lovelace's Objection, Argument from Continuity of the Nervous System, The Argument from Informality of Behaviour and finally, The Argument from Extra-Sensory Perception (Oppy & Dowe, 2011, Turing (1950) and Responses to Objections, para.1). A rather simplified

Marketing Ethics Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Marketing Ethics - Research Paper Example 104) describe marketing ethics as a dimension of social responsibility that involves principles and standards that delineate satisfactory behavior in marketing. Marketers should be careful and conscious of moral principles for tolerable behavior from numerous stand points such as the industry, company, consumers, society, and exceptional interest groups. When marketing actions diverge from the established principles, the exchange practice can collapse, resulting in consumer frustration, lack of reliance and law suits (Arnold, 2009, p. 113). An ethical issue is an identifiable dilemma that necessitates an organization or individual to decide amongst numerous procedures that must be assessed as wrong or right (Pride & Ferrell, 2011, p. 104). Any time an activity causes marketers or consumers in their target markets to feel manipulated or cheated; a marketing ethical situation exists, despite the legality of the activity. Ethical issues in marketing arise from product, distribution, pro motion, and pricing issues. The concept of segmentation and target marketing has been on the increase in the contemporary world. Market promotion and targeting can generate moral matters in a multiplicity of ways, among them forged and deceptive adverts and controlling sales advertising and targeting a market segment (Moore, 1990, p. 45). Marketers have fragmented consumer markets resulting to increased need for focused target marketing. Despite the role of recognizing and fulfilling customer wants, more target marketing has come with augmented denigration. Though target marketing is widely regarded as the embodiment of marketing conception, it has in certain cases been disparaged as unethical (Smith & Cooper-Martins, 1997, p. 1). Particularly, widespread media focus has been dedicated to the aiming of grown-up customer sections referred as susceptible with manufactured goods mulled over as damaging. This disapproval of targeting has engrossed merchandises such

See below Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

See below - Coursework Example The case involves a limited company, formed by three people, and an employee to Heather. The company sends Heather to a computer show and while driving to the show market the company’s products, she negligently causes an accident and injures a pedestrian, Singer. Singer has sued the company, its owners, and Heather for damages. The issue for determination is whether a limited liability company is liable torts committed by its members of employees. A limited liability company is liable for any harm caused by its owners, employees or agents, while in the course of duty, but are not liable for torts such as negligence to which tortfeasors are personally liable. Heather is therefore liable to Singer (Cheeseman 662). Melony is one of the four members of iNet.com, a limited liability company. The members develop a product and agree to purchase a plant for the production in six months time. Melony however sells the idea to a competitor and this leads to a $ 100 million loss to the company. The issue for determination is whether Melony is liable to iNet.com for the losses and morality in Melony’s act. Rules of Limited Liability Company establishes a duty of care among all members of a member-managed company. The case identifies member-management and Melony is liable to the company for her actions into the loss. Melony’s action is also unethical because it leads to financial loss to her co-members (Cheeseman 664-

Todays generation gap Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Todays generation gap - Essay Example It involves attitude, communication, interaction and respect towards others. Work ethics reveal about the characteristics of a person (AllAboutPhilosophy, â€Å"What are Work Ethics†). The younger generation (ages in between 18 – 29) are radically more diverse than older adults. It has been argued that the older generation is superior than younger generation when it comes to work ethics. The younger generation has a typical reason for feeling idiosyncratic. The reason for their distinctive characteristics is the use of technology. The older generation has upper hand in terms of moral values and respect for others. The younger generation is self-confident but they show little enthusiasm for moral value and respect towards others (Prinsloo, â€Å"Implementation of Life Orientation Programmes in the New Curriculum in South African Schools: Perceptions of Principals and Life Orientation Teachers†). A subsequent study reveals that technology and values are differentia ting the generations. The younger and older generations are different in the way of utilizing computer and work ethics. Majority of people feel that compared to younger generation, the older Americans possess good moral values, work ethics and more admiration towards others. Source: (Keeter & Taylor, â€Å"MILLENNIALS A Portrait of Generation Next†). ... The younger adults are more likely to be single parent and prefer to live with their children. Millennials don’t prefer to live in same household with their children compared to older generation. The younger generation prefers to live in metropolitan areas unlike earlier generation who are likely to live in the rural and urban areas. The family matters most than fame and fortune for today’s younger adults. According to surveys, almost 52% of younger generation declared that one of the important things in their lives is to be a good parent. People between 30 and 45 years of age had similar thinking as today’s younger adults. In the year 1997, about 42% of young people believed that being a good parent was most important than successful marriage. Compared to male, the female younger generation of todays concludes that being a good parent is most important to them (Keeter & Taylor, â€Å"MILLENNIALS A Portrait of Generation Next†). Source: (Keeter & Taylor, à ¢â‚¬Å"MILLENNIALS A Portrait of Generation Next†). The American people between 9 and 18 years of age are noticeably less religious than older generation. About 15% of people prefer to live good religious life. Younger generation attends religious services less than older generation of America and minority of younger people believe that religion is significant in their life. They place more importance to high paying career than religion. According to survey, 15% younger adults stated that to make a successful career is more important in their life. With regard to job switching, the younger generation prefers to switch their job in their career life. The attitude towards business in young generation is much supportive than old

See below Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

See below - Coursework Example The case involves a limited company, formed by three people, and an employee to Heather. The company sends Heather to a computer show and while driving to the show market the company’s products, she negligently causes an accident and injures a pedestrian, Singer. Singer has sued the company, its owners, and Heather for damages. The issue for determination is whether a limited liability company is liable torts committed by its members of employees. A limited liability company is liable for any harm caused by its owners, employees or agents, while in the course of duty, but are not liable for torts such as negligence to which tortfeasors are personally liable. Heather is therefore liable to Singer (Cheeseman 662). Melony is one of the four members of iNet.com, a limited liability company. The members develop a product and agree to purchase a plant for the production in six months time. Melony however sells the idea to a competitor and this leads to a $ 100 million loss to the company. The issue for determination is whether Melony is liable to iNet.com for the losses and morality in Melony’s act. Rules of Limited Liability Company establishes a duty of care among all members of a member-managed company. The case identifies member-management and Melony is liable to the company for her actions into the loss. Melony’s action is also unethical because it leads to financial loss to her co-members (Cheeseman 664-

Seaports Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Seaports - Case Study Example Actually, the participation of private sector has already crept into some of the major ports in the world (Anon, 1996). The issue of privatization has gained more importance in the backdrop of globalization and liberalization moves sweeping across the world. However, the experience of the management of some ports like the Singapore port has clearly established that total privatization is not the panacea for the ills faced by several ports today. Systematic management of port operations with the public-private participation will go a long way in making them sustainable financially. There are three essential factors of a port which can be privatized; port land, port operations, and port regulations (Baird, 1999). The extent of privatization can differ within ports depending on which of these elements are transferred to private sector from public sector. We can get a wider concept from Table 1 shown below. In the private model I, port operations are transferred to private sector, and this type of arrangement is referred to as a 'landlord' port. When compared with private model I, private II model has two elements which are property and operations rights. Under the private III model, all three essential functions are controlled by private sector. At present, this kind of model is only accepted by ports in the UK, such as Liverpool, Manchester and Felixstowe. Table 1. Key Port Elements: Privatization Options Source: Baird A., 1999 International Association of Ports and Harbours (IAPH) did a survey of world's top-100 container ports to find out the organization type. Figure 1 presents ample statistics results which say that 71% of ports were managed by either public agencies or corporations, and 21% by Government departments. Only 7% of ports were private companies, and over two-thirds have a government shareholding varying from 60-100% (Baird, 2002). Figure 1. Port authority by organization type Source: IAPH, 2002 UK- Pioneer in Port privatisation Great Britain has pioneered port privatization showing the way for the rest of the world. Most countries have taken a cue from Great Britain's success in this direction. Until now, the UK is the only country which has totally privatized most of its major ports including the operational role of the port authority( ). The political leadership of the UK was very much practical in inviting private funding in port management. It always wanted to create favourable atmosphere to pave the way for private operators to jump in the fray. According to the House of Commons report, Port of London Authority strongly believed that private funding was the only alternative to refurbish the port industry and suitable and supporting atmosphere must be created to invite the private companies. It was very much worried that in the absence of a conductive atmosphere to private funding, investors might run away to some other countries ( ). The UK has obviously set a trend for other countries to follow. Most of the third world countries have also been looking for the British help in privatization of their ports ( ), such as India, Panama. Is the privatisation only solution Most of the third world countries plan to privatise their ports. But, is privatisation the only real solution Management of ports is very complex and involves several

James Blunt Essay Example for Free

James Blunt Essay English singer and song writer James Blunt made it to the pop charts in 2005 following the release of his album Back to Bedlam, which included the song â€Å"You’re Beautiful†. Multi talented Blunt, writes, sings and plays both piano and guitar. With only two released albums, he is relatively new to the music scene yet has been nominated for multiple Grammy, as well as British awards. He has become known for his emotional lyrics and music and his sad, meaningful video. Blunt was born and raised in England. He has followed in the footsteps of his father and served in the British Army following college. He is an active advocate for the group Doctors without Borders, who he became involved with during his time in the Army. Blunt is not from a musical family but began taking music lessons as a child at the insistence of his mother. He began playing violin, piano and guitar at a young age and attended Bristol University majoring in music. James Blunt is a serious and well trained musician. This shows in the crafting of his lyrics and songs. He is not someone who made it to the top of the music charts by accident. Blunt’s song â€Å" You’re Beautiful† received much air play on radio station and drove his first album â€Å"Back to Bedlam† to the top of the charts in both the US and England. To understand the magnitude of Blunts popular success, consider the fact that Blunt was the first English performer to hit the number one spot of the US Billboard Hot 100 songs since Elton John reached that spot with Candle in the wind in 1997. Coincidentally, he has worked and traveled with Elton John during the course of his musical career. In addition to his radio and video success Blunt has had many songs featured on television shows in the US such as Grey’s Anatomy and the O. C in addition to advertising roles with Hilton Hotels and Sprint. Blunt has toured extensively and has become popular worldwide. Blunt’s video releases are recognized for their use symbolism and dark imagery. The image in the video for â€Å"You’re Beautiful† is of Blunt slowly and painfully taking off his clothes and empting his pockets meticulously. He sings hauntingly as he bemoans the fact that he has seen her, but will never be with her. The lyrics tell the story of her being with another man, and of the singer being high. The songs hints at he fact that he is unhappy with the situation and sees no hope. He talks about having a plan in response to this situation. He ends the video by jumping off a cliff into the water in what appears to be suicide. The second album Blunt completed was titled â€Å"All the Lost Souls† and was released in 2007. The album quickly hit old with great success in the US and the UK. Blunt had by this time built a reputation as a talented singer and songwriter. He had developed a following of fans who loved the emotional feelings to his music. Another example of the hopeless and emotional feel to Blunt’s work can be seen and heard in â€Å"Goodbye My Lover†. â€Å"Goodbye My Lover is an emotional display both visually and musically. The image of two lovers parting and the memory of their time together are shown throughout the video. The song is a sad tribute to what was and an acknowledgement to the end of the relationship. The pain he obviously feels as he lays on the bed alone is powerful. The word he uses in the lyrics are so emotionally delicate as he describes sensation and experiences such as holding hands and kissing so beautifully. Again, this song and video show no hope for the situation. There is simply and acknowledgment and cathartic expression of everything inside of the writer and singer. It seems like acceptance. One wonders if Blunt simply has the ability to get the emotion out, turn it into something creative and then move on. It may be the listeners who have trouble letting go to similar emotions and so get stuck in the hopelessness of the lyrics and visuals. However, Blunt’s success indicates that the public get him. The public feels and understand and enjoys the experience of Blunts’s music. Blunts work has been used in a variety of commercial venues, including television shows, commercials and movies. Hi song â€Å"You’re Beautiful†, was used in he Disney movie â€Å"The little Mermaid. Perhaps the meaning is different when jumping off a cliff into the water does not mean suicide. In the case of a mermaid it simply means going home. The song has also been used in the television shows ER and Smallville, demonstrating its wide appeal and interpretation. Goodbye My Lover has also been used commercially. Blunt reportedly wrote the song for ex girlfriend Camilla Boller after he cheated on her and they split up. That pain and remorse comes through in the video. Other works of Blunt have been used in the television shows; CSI, Criminal Minds and Without a Trace. Blunt obviously has no issue with using his music for commercial purposes as he has sold to television, movies and advertising. Wile the commercial use of music has become much more popular, there are still many artists that do not allow their music to be used for this purpose. Blount is criticized by some for being overly depressing as there is such an emotional longing and hopelessness in his work. His lyrics talk about lost love, war, addiction and sorrow. The songs are sad and emotional. Yet he tackles these subject with sensitivity and honestly. He is a poet first. The music he pairs with the lyrics is similarly gently and delicate and moving, and haunting. Blunt has been quoted as saying that he writes for himself, to express feeling. He indicates that he has no choice but to write and create and express. Blunt appears to be a true artist and creative soul who creates because he can’t help but express.

Theory of the Prism Spectrometer Experiment

Theory of the Prism Spectrometer Experiment Introduction When a beam of light is transmitted from air to glass, the ray is bent according to Snells law sin0air= nsin0glass Where the angles are measured from the surface normal (the line perpendicular to the surface) and n is the index of refraction of the glass. The index of refraction is a dimension-less number and is a measure of how strongly the medium bends light. The greater n is, the more the light is bent. The index of refraction of air is 1. For glass, n varies from 1.3 to 1.8, depending on the type of glass and on the wavelength of the light. White light is made up of all the colors of the rainbow red, yellow, green, blue, and violet. Different colors correspond to different wavelengths. Human eyes are sensitive to light with wavelengths in the range 390 nm (violet) to 750 nm (red) (1 nm = nanometer = 10-9 m). Range of human vision Glass has a greater index of refraction at shorter wavelengths, that is, it bends blue light more than red light. So a prism can be used to disperse white light into its component colors. Blue red wavelength In this experiment, we will use a prism spectrometer to measure the dispersion angle of various wavelengths. From the measurements, we will make a graph of the index of refraction vs. wavelength. The form of the curve of index of refraction as a function of wavelength, known as the Cauchy formula, is n = A + B/l2 Or n = A + (b/l)2 As a light source, we will use a mercury lamp, which emits light at several discrete wavelengths. The device we are using is called a prism spectrometer because, once the prism is calibrated, it can be used to measure the wavelengths of the lines in the spectra produced by various atoms. The spectra contain bright lines at particular wavelengths, which correspond to light emitted during the transition between different energy states of the atoms. You see distinct lines because the atoms exist only in distinct, quantized energy states. Trying to explain the data from such experiments— the existence and pattern of sharp spectral lines—led to the development of quantum mechanics. When a ray of light is refracted by a prism, the angle between the incoming and outgoing rays is called the angle of deviation (b). For a given prism and a given wavelength, the value of b depends on the angle between the incoming ray and the surface of the prism. b is minimum when the angles of the incoming and outgoing rays make equal angles with the prism surfaces. In this special symmetric case, the prisms index of refraction (n) is related to b and the apex angle of the prism N= The prisms that we will use all have a = 60 ° (exactly, we assume).There exist extensive tables of the line spectra of many elements. In the first part of the experiment, you will be using the known spectrum of mercury to calibrate your prism spectrometer. As a result, you have measured the curve of index of refraction as a function of wavelength. So if you measure a new line of a spectrum, you can calculate the index of refraction and use your curve to look up the wavelength for the new line. This process is used in identifying the elements present in unknown samples, such as the atmospheres of distant stars. The element helium, now used to inflate birthday balloons, was first discovered by observing the atmosphere of a nearby the star, the sun (helios is Greek for sun). In the last part of the experiment you will have the opportunity to measure the spectrum of a gas in this fashion. The fine prism spectrometers used in this lab were purchased in 1970 for $700 each. Today inferior models are available for $1700. Handle them with respect! Never force any parts!à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã†â€™ OBJECTIVES: Learn the theory of the prism spectrometer, and be able to explain the functions of its various components. Observe the spectrum of a mercury discharge lamp and record the angle of deviation for the spectral lines. Determine the index of refraction of a glass prism for various wavelengths. Use the calibrated prism to measure unknown wavelengths. Observe color sensation caused by light of particular wavelengths. Methodology 1. Become familiar with the spectrometer a) Identify each component: the black table, the prism table, the collimator, and the telescope b) Note the clamping screws and the fine adjustment screws for the telescope and the black table. Note the clamping screw for the prism table. c) Note how to adjust the telescope focus and the eyepiece. d) Note how to adjust the slit focusing in the collimator tube. Note how the slit width can be adjusted and how the slit orientation can be rotated. 2. Practice reading the angle from a precise protractor scale on the rim of the black table. Use the Vernier scale with the little magnifying glass to read the angle to the nearest arc minute. 3. Align the spectrometer In order to correctly measure angles with the spectrometer, we must first align it. To do so, use the following steps: a) Telescope focus: Do not put the prism onto the silver table yet. That will come later. Notice that there are two knobs associated with the telescope. They are located directly under the telescope barrel. One points along the barrel and one is perpendicular to it. The knob that is along the barrel will lock the telescope’s position and will prevent it from rotating. When it is locked down in this way, you can use the other knob for a fine adjustment, to rotate it by very small amounts. If the telescope is not unlocked, turn the knob that is parallel to the barrel counterclockwise until you can freely rotate the telescope. Turn the telescope so that it is not pointing at the collimator but is instead aimed at something as far away from you in the room as possible. Now rotate the focus adjustment (See diagram on page 5) until you can see through the telescope clearly. You may notice that the image is upside down. This is normal. Just ensure that it is as clear and in focus as you can. After this adjustment, you should not adjust the focus of the telescope again. b) Telescope alignment: Now place a white light (desk lamp) in front of the slit on the end of the collimator (in the diagram on page 5, the desk lamp goes where the â€Å"HG lamp† is pictured). Now rotate the telescope until it is pointed at the collimator. You should imagine a straight line going from the lamp through the collimator, and through the telescope. By looking through the telescope, you should be able to line up the crosshair with the slit in the far end of the collimator. By locking down the telescope and using the fine adjustment (the knob perpendicular to the one that you used to lock down the telescope) you should be able to do this very accurately. If you are unable to see the slit, it may be closed too tightly. You can widen and narrow the slit by rotating the adjuster on the collimator (it is located on the far end of the collimator, much like the focus for the telescope). This will adjust the slit width, but will not focus the slit. If the slit does not have very crisp edges when you look through the telescope, move the end of the collimator near the lamp in and out to focus it. If your slit is not vertical in the telescope, you can also rotate it so that it is. Once you have a nice thin, well-focused slit, with your crosshairs centered on it and your telescope locked down, you are now ready to align the scales to read the angle. c) Angle adjustment: If you look below the set of knobs that control the telescope, you will see another pair of knobs that look identical to the ones for the telescope. These knobs perform the same functions (locking down and fine adjustment) for the black table itself. If you unlock the black table, you can rotate it. Notice that there are two windows in which you can read an angle. We want to rotate the table until one of the windows has 0 (zero) lined up with 0 (zero) or 360 (since a circle is 360 degrees, 360 is the same as 180. If at all possible, we should try to use set it so that this window is to the left of the telescope (as we are looking over the barrel toward the lamp) because this will make reading our angle easiest. (Please have a look at the diagram on page 5) On some scopes there is a small magnifier attached to the black table over one window, and this would also be advantageous to use. Once you have aligned them, you will lock down the black table and will not rot ate it again. From now on, we will only rotate the telescope. d) Prism placement: Now you should place the prism in the center of the silver table. Recall that light is bent toward the base of the prism, so it should be placed on the silver table so that the gray plastic part makes a â€Å"C† shape if you were to look at it from the telescope side of the apparatus. Now, without moving the telescope, move your head to the left (about to where the telescope is rotated to in the diagram on page 5) and look into the prism. You will have to put your head down at the height of the telescope/collimator. Now rotate the silver table clockwise until you can see a nice rainbow like spectrum â€Å"inside† the prism. (You should notice that the rainbow is inside of a black circle. You are seeing the light coming out of the collimator and bent through the prism.) If it does not look like a very nice, bright, well-formed rainbow, you probably do not have your head in the right place; move further left and try to rotate the silver table back and forth. Once you have found it, unlock the telescope (not the black table) and rotate it to the left where you were looking. Now look through the telescope, and you should be able to find the rainbow. We are now in about the right place to find our spectrum with the mercury vapor lamp and to adjust for the minimum angle of deviation. e) Minimum angle of deviation: Now, remove the white light and replace it with the mercury vapor lamp. You will want to move the lamp until it is aligned with the slit. To do this, look through the telescope and move the lamp back and forth until it is nice and bright in the telescope. Instead of a complete rainbow, you should now see only certain bands of color. If your bands do not look nice and sharp, you may have to adjust your slit focus or width. Some lines are better seen if you tighten the slit. (The lamp should be very close to the slit.) Move the telescope back and forth until you get the crosshair lined up on the green band. Now look back to the diagram on page 5. We want to make the angle b as small as possible. To do this, rotate the silver table back and forth just a little bit. You should be able to get the green line to move to the right. Now realign the crosshair on the green line and rotate the silver table a little bit again. Then realign the crosshair on the green line. You should repeat this process until no matter which way you rotate the silver table, the green line goes to the left, not the right. When this occurs, and the green line is as far as you can get it to go to the right, you are at the minimum angle of deviation. This angle should be around 51 or 52 degrees for the green line. If it is not, you may not have aligned the scales correctly, please repeat steps c, d, and e from above. (Record it below). Every time that you do a different color, you will have to repeat this process. f) Record the prism number and read the deviation angle on the protractor. Prism # _______ b = _______  ° _______ ’ = ___________ ° 4. Measure the angle of deviation for each of the spectral lines of the Mercury lamp. The wavelengths and colors of the spectral lines are given in the table below. While making measurements, unclamp and rotate the prism table to check that the prism is oriented for minimum angle of deviation for the red, green, and blue lines. When measuring very closely spaced lines, like the double yellow lines, make the slit very narrow and check the focus. When measuring dim lines, make the slit wider.

The Rate Law for Chemical Reaction Among Hydrogen Peroxide, Iodide, and

The Rate Law for Chemical Reaction Among Hydrogen Peroxide, Iodide, and Acid To determine the rate law for a chemical reaction among hydrogen peroxide, iodide and acid, specifically by observing how changing each of the concentrations Experiment 3 Chemical Kinetics Objectives 1. To determine the rate law for a chemical reaction among hydrogen peroxide, iodide and acid, specifically by observing how changing each of the concentrations of H2O2, and H+ affects the rate of reaction. 2. To observe the effects of temperature and catalyst on the rate of reaction. Introduction Generally, two important questions may be asked about a chemical reaction: (1)How far do the reactants interact to yield products, and (2) how fast is the reaction? â€Å"How far?† is a question of chemical equilibrium which is the realm of chemical thermodynamics. â€Å"How fast?† is the realm of chemical kinetics, the subject of this experiment. In this experiment we will study the rate of oxidation of iodide ion by hydrogen peroxide which proceeds according to the following reaction: H2O2 (aq) + 2 I-(aq) + 2H+(aq) I2(aq) + 2H2O(l) By varying the concentrations of each of the three reactants (H2O2, I- and H+), we will be able to determine the order of the reaction with respect to each reactant and the rate law of the reaction, which is of the form: Rate = k [H2O2]x[I-]y[H+]z By knowing the reaction times († t) and the concentrations of H2O2 of two separate reaction mixtures (mixtures A & B), the reaction order of H2O2, x, can be calculated. x = log(† t2/ † t1) / log ( [H2O2]1/[H2O2]2 ) The same method is used to obtain the reaction order with respect to I- (mixtures A & C) and H+ (mixtures A & D). Procedures Part I) Standardization of H2O2 Solution 1. A stand, a burette clamp and a white tile were collected to construct a titration set-up. 2. A burette was rinsed with deionized water and then with 0.05 M Na2S2O3 solution. 3. The stopcock of the burette was closed and the sodium thiosulphate solution was pour into it until the liquid level was near the zero mark. The stopcock of the burette was opened to allow the titrant to fill up the tip and then the liquid level was adjusted near zero. 4. The initial burette reading was recorded in Table 1. 5. 1.00 cm3 of the ~0.8 M H2O2 solution was pipetted into a clean 125 ... ...te of a reaction by providing an alternative pathway for the reaction, usually with a pathway of lower activation energy than that of the uncatalyzed reaction. There are some improvements in this experiment. First, hydrogen peroxide is unstable, it decomposes to water and oxygen by time. Therefore do the titration as quick as possible. 2H2O2(aq) 2H2O(I) + O2(g) Second, the concentration of iodine increase is due to the iodide can be oxidized by oxygen which promoted by acids. Therefore do the titration as quick as possible. 4I-(aq) + O2(g) + 4H+(aq) 2I2(aq) + 2H2O(aq) Third, as for the human error, the problem can be minimized by performing the titration by the same person. So, the reading can be taken by the same person and the color change can be observed by the same person. Conclusion In the experiment, the reaction was found to be zero order respect to (H+), it is first order respect to iodide, (I-) , it is first order respect to hydrogen peroxide, (H2O2). Hence the rate law is Rate = k[H2O2][I-]. The rate of reaction is increase when the temperature is increase and the rate is increase when a positive catalyst is added to the reaction.

The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie by Muriel Spark Essay -- Education Educa

The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie by Muriel Spark Miss Brodie fails to be a good teacher because she teaches on her own accord, gives her students wrong impressions, and displays unprofessional behavior towards her staff and pupils. As a schoolteacher in Edinburgh during the 1930’s there were many rules and regulations that teachers had to adhere to in order to successfully feed the minds of their young pupils. Schoolteachers had more of a responsibility during this period than today because school was the only source of information and education that people could receive. Due to this fact, the government set strict policies and curriculums (and still do) that teachers must follow so that students could grow up to become well round individuals. Miss Brodie seemed to side step, insult or simply ignore some of the curriculum that was given, and teach her students on her own conditions. An example of this is when Miss Brodie is telling the girls that she and Miss MacKay have a radical difference in their principals of education. Miss Brodie has told Miss MacKay that the girls will be equipped with the necessary information needed to pass the end of term exams. After she says this to the headmistress, Miss Br odie says to the girls:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I trust you girls to work hard and try to scrape through (the exams), even if you learn the stuff and forget it the next day. This statement is telling the girls that she does not believe in the required curriculum and she wouldn’t care if they have forgot it after their exams. She only wants the girls to study of these exams so that she can have an excuse to boast to Miss MacKay, seeing the girls do well in them is not her primary concern. Another example of Miss Brodie teaching on her own accord was her lesson under the Elm tree where she told her students about her holiday in Egypt. It is evident that Miss Brodie is pretending to teach her students but trying to make it quit believable for all who look upon her shaded class when she says to her students: Hold up your books, prop them up in you hands, in case of any intruders, we are doing out history lesson†¦our poetry†¦English grammar. Although Miss Brodie’s lessons were somewhat educational and her students learnt new concepts and ideas, the schools during that time would not allow â€Å"freestyle teaching† because it made the students too reprehensive. By sett... ...f lust with Mr. Lloyd only creates a poor image for the students to have of her. Miss Brodie’s hostility toward Miss MacKay also demonstrates her inability to maintain a professional manner. She is constantly telling her students indirectly the she does not like Miss MacKay through various tactics. When Miss Brodie lashes out to Miss Mackay for trying to make her resign, she makes matters worse for herself because is only creates more tension and frustration between the two teachers. Miss Brodie unprofessional manner and inability to maintain her lust gives good reason for why she is a poor teacher. As a person, Miss Brodie does have many positive qualities that she seems to have used in the classroom. Her students did take interest in her teaching, but only because they were so different from what they were used to. Miss Brodie was a very smart and well-traveled woman, which was another positive aspect that she brought to her classroom. However her inability to teach the given curriculum, giving her students wrong impressions, and her numerous affairs and arguments with the staff leads one to believe that even though Miss Brodie was in her prime, she was still a poor teacher.

Efficiency of the Video Camera

We usually use the video camera in order to save the important moment. Before using the video camera, the written record had been used as a documentary tool. You couldn’t completely observe the important social event and only predicted through the sentences. Video recording are more accurate and convincing than a written record. The Video camera provides some advantages in the contemporary life. First of all, the video recording is a more important means of documentary tool in the contemporary life. For example, we saved the important events such as the big match and the historical ceremony. We had the time capsule in the Jangchung-dong, Seoul at the turn of this millennium. Our â€Å"The video camera provides such an accurate and convincing record of contemporary life that it has become a more important form of documentation than written records. † According to the speaker, the video recording is a more important means of document hag contemporary life than a written record because video recordings are more accurate and convincing. Although I agree that a video provides a more objective and accurate record of an event's spatial aspects, there is far more to document ha life than what we see and hear. Thus the speaker overstates the comparative significance of video as a documentary tool. For the purpose of documenting temporal, spatial events and experiences, I agree that a video record is usually more accurate and more convincing than a written record. It is impossible for anyone, no matter how keen an observer and skilled a journalist, to recount ha complete and objective detail such events as the winning touchdown at the Super Bowl, a Ballanchine ballet, the Tournament of Roses Parade, or the scene at the intersection of Florence and Normandy streets during the 1992 Los Angeles riots. Yet these are important events in contemporary life the sort of events we might put ha a time capsule for the purpose of capturing our life and times at the turn of this millennium. The growing documentary role of video is not limited to seminal events like those described above. Video surveillance cameras are objective witnesses with perfect memories. Thus they can play a vital evidentiary role in legal proceedings–such as those involving robbery, drug trafficking, police misconduct, motor vehicle violations, and even malpractice in a hospital operating room. Indeed, whenever moving images are central to an event the video camera is superior to the written word. A written description of a hurricane, tornado, or volcanic eruption cannot convey its immediate power and awesome nature like a video record. A diary entry cannot â€Å"replay† that wedding reception, dance recital, or surprise birthday party as accurately or objectively as a video record. And a real estate brochure cannot inform about the lighting, spaciousness, or general ambiance of a featured property nearly as effectively as a video. Nonetheless, for certain other purposes written records are advantageous to and more appropriate than video records. For example, certain legal matters are best left to written documentation: video is of no practical use ha documenting the terms of a complex contractual agreement, an incorporation, or the establishment of a trust. And video is of little use when it comes to documenting a person's subjective state of mind, impressions, or reflections of an event or experience. Indeed, to the extent that personal interpretation adds dimension and richness to the record, written documentation is actually more important than video. Finally, a video record is of no use in documenting statistical or other quantitative information. Returning to the riot example mentioned earlier, imagine relying on a video to document the financial loss to store owners, the number of police and firefighters involved, and so forth. Complete and accurate video documentation of such information would require video cameras at every street corner and in every aisle of every store. In sum, the speaker's claim overstates the importance of video records, at least to some extent. When it comes to capturing, storing, and recalling temporal, spatial events, video records are inherently more objective, accurate, and complete. However, what we view through a camera lens provides only one dimension of our life and times; written documentation will always be needed to quantify, demystify, and provide meaning to the world around us.

Literature that Wouldn’t Die Essay

My old-maid aunt loaned me the first book when I was eight. Of course, I didn’t think of her as my old maid aunt then. She was just my aunt, who was way older than my mom and drove a cool car and lived at home with my grandparents. She had the best records and still played them—vinyl records. But it was the books that made me seek her out. She had every Hardy Boys book ever written. As soon as I proved I could read the first one, then I got to read a new one every time we visited and we visited at least once a week. I can’t say that I really understood them in second-grade, and I surely didn’t know what a mansion was, but I figured out that it was a big, old house and went from there. By my next birthday, the books were officially mine. All of them, hardcover, many original printings, were given to me because my aunt believes that children should read. That was the first one I actually remember, but my mother said it dates backs further; every holiday or birthday my aunt sent books. Through her I met Flicka and Big Red and Huck Finn and Tom Sawyer, but the love affair was with the detective novels, started by those Hardy Boys novels. As a teenager, I moved on to James Patterson. Then, it was â€Å"The Maltese Falcon† and Sherlock Holmes, Miss Marple and Hercule Poirot. For a long time, I was alone in my fascination with a good â€Å"Who dun it? †, but as time progressed, I found that society is obsessed with figuring out the crime, finding the bad guy. My weirdness was that I was reading them instead of watching them on television. And, the modern whodunit is not merely a tale of murder and intrigue; it was a modified look at the forensic clues and figuring it out before the people on the television due. Take for example, the third week in November, 2007. According to Nielsen Media Research six of the top 20 shows on broadcast television were detective shows, four of them directly related to the use of forensic evidence to solve a crime (Nielsen, 2007). Americans are obsessed with the crime drama, the modern variant of the detective novel that my aunt introduced me to. In short order, I can name a dozen of these shows, all virtually identical to those bright blue books I read as a boy. As I got older, it became clear that America has a fascination with the whodunit novel, or television series, as the case may be. From the Hardy Boys to â€Å"Colombo†, Americans are fascinated with the detective story. Like many kids my age, I grew up thinking it might be fun to be a hard-nosed detective. The books in my life gave way to television and the books in general became television shows or movies and gaining a life the author never foresaw as he wrote the opening scene of death or mayhem. In fact, in 2007 the novel once again became the television series as James Patterson’s Women’s Murder Club became Angie Harmon’s new show. The novel series, which began with â€Å"First to Die†, is about a San Francisco homicide detective and one of my recent favorite reads. Harmon, who once starred in one of the Law & Order franchise crime dramas, stars as the lead detective. This movement of book to television and the continuation of the detective novel is remarkable, but not unique to the modern age. Of course, this wasn’t the first of Patterson’s to go main stream. Years ago, other young men and I were impressed with Detective Alex Cross as brought to life by Morgan Freeman in â€Å"Kiss the Girls† and â€Å"Along Came A Spider†. In his 1970 essay, â€Å"Murder and Manners: The Formal Detective Novel†, George Grella puts it this way,†The formal detective novel, the so-called ‘pure puzzle’ or ‘whodunit’, is the most firmly established and easily recognized version of the thriller† (30). And, he says, we are fascinated by the genre. It has become an icon onto itself and holds its own against other genres of literature quite well through the years. Dating back to Edgar Allen Poe, the detective novel has been through changes, but it is still basically the same, a comfort to most people. â€Å"And almost since its inception, critics have been denouncing the rise, and announcing the demise, of the whodunit. † (30). But while they were uniformly criticized by those â€Å"in the know†, the detective novel built up a strong following in modern American society, cleverly disguised as the crime drama on television and in the movies. The simple fact of the matter is that it is not supposed to be great fiction, but sometimes, it is. It is supposed to let people feel like they figured something out, outsmarted the author by figuring out the answer before the end of the book. The author has to give the reader all the information and though they can tease a bit, directly tricking the reader is completely unfair (Grella 31). Misdirection is fine; lying is not. But the reality is that most readers are not equipped with the obscure knowledge that the detective use to solve the crimes and so the love of the mystery might be based more on a fascination not unlike our fascination with magicians. We want to see if we can figure it out and then revel in the fact that the really good ones were able to keep us from figuring it out. And, Grella points out, it is formulaic. Good or bad, the formal detective novel is predictable. It is one of the curiosities of literature that an endlessly reduplicated form, employing sterile formulas, stock characters, and innumerable cliches of method and construction, should prosper in the two decades between the World Wars and continue to amuse even in present day. More curious still, this unoriginal and predictable kind of entertainment appealed to a wide and varied audience, attracting not only the usual public for popular fiction, but also a number of educated readers†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (32) The modern television whodunit has followed the same basic formula, but with the twists and turns of modern forensics thrown in for good measure. Instead of an obvious clue like a matchbook or lipstick smeared on a tea cup, the modern story has DNA and fingerprints but the story remains basically the same: Bad guy kills (maims, mutilates, rapes, etc. ) someone and the detectives strive to gather the evidence and figure it out before the reader, or in the case of television, the viewer, figures it out. Forty-five minutes into the show, whether we are ready and have solved it or not, comes the great reveal, the modern equivalent of the meeting in the study to show how it was done, by whom and why. This is the world that my aunt unwittingly introduced me to and I am not alone. In the modern era this has translated to the crime drama on television. Shows including any of the CSI variants, any of the Law & Order shows, â€Å"Cold Case Files†, â€Å"Without a Trace† and several others follow this tried and true recipe. The newest of these, Spike TV’s â€Å"Murder† takes the concept to a whole new level—real people, solving recreations of real crimes, all neatly wrapped up in an hour long show. And, â€Å"Murder† even follows the rules that Grella identifies for formal detective fiction (31). It shows all the clues that reader/viewer needs to solve the crime and challenges them to do it before the contestants do â€Å"With â€Å"every pertinent detail† being recreated, the groups will assess the crime scene, collect evidence and even meet with an actual coroner who reviews the findings of the original autopsy. † (Rocchio 2007) The show combines America’s current love of reality television with the tried and true formula of the detective novel. â€Å"For the viewer, Murder fuses the authenticity of a real-life crime scene with the suspense of trying to solve the murder before the contestants on the show,† Bunim-Murray co-founder Jon Murray stated. â€Å"We are excited to be working with Spike TV on such a cutting-edge series and hope the audience will take away a sense of how strategic and meticulous crime detectives must be on a daily basis. † The show even features its own version of the great reveal. After 45 minutes of show time, the contestants are required to set forth their version of the crime to the real-life detective who hosts the show. Then, helike a good author, points out the flaws in their logic and evidence collection and gives a narrative about what really happened. This movement toward more realism in the detective novel has taken it away from its farcical leanings (Grella 35), but continues to lead it in the tradition of the formal detective novel. Writers must put all the clues together, visually at the very least, in the 53 minutes or so of an hour long television show without making it obvious to everyone whodunit. The element of besting the writer has again become the goal. Grella had argued that this theory of outsmarting the writer might not be the actual explanation for society’s fascination with detective novels, pointing out that detectives in the novels have access to obscure knowledge the reader would not have making it virtually impossible to figure out the end without an intuitive leap (33). His conclusion was that the puzzle aspect of the novel is not in fact the motivation of viewers/readers to seek out detective novels. However, what he failed to take into consideration was that viewers/readers need an excuse to be wrong. When the villain is revealed at the end of the show or in the huge scene at the end of the novel, the reader needs an excuse to be wrong. Sure, we want to be right, but if we aren’t, we need it to be because we didn’t know the flight speed of an African swallow or some equally relevant but obscure piece of trivia. Perhaps it is because of a sense of pride in the viewer, but we need an excuse to be wrong. That way, the reader still wins. The guess about the guilty party being wrong doesn’t mean that we were outsmarted by the writer, but rather than the novelist came up with a piece of information that we did not know. And, with as much of society as is interested in random trivia, finding that obscure piece of information that the average reader will not know becomes more difficult. It is any many ways the gauntlet those readers thrown down before their favorite authors: â€Å"Fool me if you can. † The most modern of the new detective stories fool us with science, proving to us that even what our eyes see can be wrong. Authors like Patricia Cromwell and Kathy Reichs show us that the things we see may not be all there is to be seen (Palmer 2001). The reality is that the puzzle is still the name of the game and so television shows must now explain the rules of the game as they go, showing the fingerprints of the DNA evidence and finding new ways to throw in the twist. Again, in the words of Sherlock Holmes, the game is afoot, and writers are challenged to find new ways to twist the evidence and manipulate the science to keep our interest. Grella and others have complained that the detective novel is formulaic and bordering on boring, but the reality is that we like them because they are so challenging to the writer. A poorly written detective novel will bore us all to tears. We will see the buffoon of a police officer and the unsuspecting detective and even the misdirection a mile away. But a well done novel which takes what we know, what we have seen with our own eyes and forces us to see that it might not be the case is a masterful work of art. And, that is what we are looking for. We have leveled the playing field with a formulaic story and are expecting to be blow away by the puzzle. WORKS CITED: Grella, George. â€Å"Murder and Manners: The Formal Detective Novel† NOVEL: A Forum on Fiction, Vol. 4, No. 1 (Autumn, 1970), pp. 30-48. < Stable URL: http://links. jstor. org/sici? sici=0029-5132%28197023%294%3A1%3C30%3AMAMTFD%3E2. 0. CO%3B2-H>, November 30, 2007. Nielsen Media Research, November 30, 2007. Palmer, Joy. â€Å"Tracing Bodies: Gender, Genre, and Forensic Detective Fiction† South Central Review, Vol. 18, No. 3/4, Whose Body: Recognizing Feminist Mystery and Detective Fiction. (Autumn – Winter, 2001), pp. 54-71. , November 30, 2007. Rocchio, Christopher. â€Å"Spike TV Announces new ‘CSI’-like ‘Murder’ Reality Series† Feb. 21, 0027. November 30, 2007. Wing, George. ‘Edwin Drood and Desperate Remedies: Prototypes of Detective Fiction in 1870† Studies in English Literature, 1500-1900, Vol. 13, No. 4, Nineteenth Century. (Autumn, 1973), pp. 677-687. , November 30, 2007.

Causes and Consequences of Chernobyl Incident Research Paper

Causes and Consequences of Chernobyl Incident - Research Paper Example As a fact the power supply was already lowered down almost 15 hours before the experimentation had resumed this time. Later on, this emerged in a news report that the said nuclear reactor was functioning at almost 7 per cent of its full capability. Records indicate that the test begun at 01:23 a.m. local time (The Telegraph 2011). It took not more then the next 60 seconds and a dreadful accident had occurred. The power supply had intensified which led to two disastrous explosions. As a result, highly intensified radioactive substance was also unleashed. The reactor was thoroughly destroyed, leaving behind an immense cloud of radioactive substance that rose to an estimated 3,300 feet straight to the skies. Due to the intense force of the blast, some of the released substance gradually scattered in the surrounding areas yet most of it was able to travel as far as Western Europe (Park 1986). International news agencies became active. The incoming reports strongly suggested that the over all design along with most of the operating functions of this High Power Reactor were outdated and poor. A lack of safety measures and other omissions on the part of reactor’s operating crew were being further added to the latest insights that may have led to this happening. More causes that actually lead to this disastrous accident were clarified after months when Soviet officials declared that the accident was a result of several failures (Park 1986). In the year 1992, a report was put together for the UN nuclear power watchdog, in which chief of the reactor’s statement was also quoted. It read: â€Å"01:24, serious shocks.† This statement that was obtained from the operator log clearly indicates that things were pretty much out of control right after the experimentation had begun. The report further elaborates as the engineer explains â€Å"the rods of Reactor Control & Protection System had actually stopped moving before they had touched the lower limit ene rgy switches.† Later on, it was clarified in a report that was published in the Soviet newspaper that the atomic station was under-staffed during the accident, adding that most of the workers had left due to the upcoming â€Å"May Day holiday† This news added a lot to the situation. Some of the key engineers were also among those that were not present that day (Hoffmann 1986). Few analysts said that it was rather good that a less amount of people were available when the blasts occurred whereas others raised the point that this was probably an additional cause of the explosion. Due to the instant explosion, one of the workers was killed right away. His body was never to be found while another operating member lost his life after few hours following the grieve accident. He was taken to the hospital but could not survive. Firefighting team arrived in a short bit. They started their efforts to somehow extinguish the fire and take over the chaotic situation. More teams were summoned. All these fire-fighters were a target of an abnormal dose of radiation. Thus a total of 28 rescue workers along with plant’s serving members that were present at the sight would die in the up coming weeks. They were more likely to get infected by Acute Radiation Syndrome, commonly known as (ARS). Even though the number of causalities that had taken place and those that were to follow the leakage clearly called for a state of emergency, the Soviet authorities remained silent for another three days. On April 28th, TASS, an official

5-Year Plans and Its Role in Russian History between 1924 and 1945 Essay

5-Year Plans and Its Role in Russian History between 1924 and 1945 - Essay Example A third Five Year Plan was also launched in 1938 to double the 1937 levels, however, this came to a premature end in 1941 when the Soviet Union entered the Second World War and the focus changed from industrialization and national growth to weapon production to support the Soviet military. In effect, the three Five Year plans brought holistic and comprehensive changes to Stalin's Russia which moved the former backward agrarian country to the class of dominant world powers. This paper examines important elements and components of the three Five Year Plans and their impact on Russian history between 1924 and 1945. Background The Five Year Plans of Stalin was a move from the backward peasantry that existed under the Tsarist regime to a modern industrialized nation under the new Communist regime (Sladkovski, 1966). The overthrow of the Tsarist regime in 1917 and the Russian Civil War led to the complete collapse of Russia's already backward systems. In 1921 when the Bolshevik consolidate d power, Lenin introduced War Communism where communes were filled with the concept of a proletariat state where the working class and commoners were to work for the betterment of the society without a bourgeois class who were seen as rich business owners who exploited the commoners. In his vision, the society was to remain classless and everyone was to work for the betterment of the society without being exploited, according to the Marxist theories. Lenin introduced the New Economic Policy to stimulate economic activity in trade, manufacture, and agriculture (Bonnell, 1999). The New Economic Policy of Lenin blended Capitalism with Socialism (Life Magazine, 1943). It permitted peasants to sell surplus foods on the open market (Life Magazine, 1943). After the death of Lenin in 1924, Stalin took over and one of the things he did was to abolish the New Economic Policy. Stalin's Motivation and Vision When Stalin took over power, he took drastic steps to reorganize the Soviet economy and social order. In doing this, Stalin built on some elements of Lenin's ideas and this include 1. A single party state 2. Single official ideology 3. Manipulation of legality and 4. Promoting state's economic dominance (Service, 2005). The plans were meant to consolidate important elements of the Soviet Union in order to attain the following ends. Stalin, therefore, used all the opportunities and power at his disposal to do so by launching the Five-Year Plans which created a framework within which the country strove to attain the four ends that were identified from the era of Lenin. By the era of 1929 and 1930, the Soviet Union was heavily reliant on technology from the United States and Germany (Jacobson, 1994). Russia needed structures to become self-dependent. In doing this, there was the need for the country to have the right structures. One of them was to be able to manufacture its own inputs in areas like steel production and in primary research.

Effects on Economic Growth by Financial Repression Essay

Effects on Economic Growth by Financial Repression - Essay Example The McKinnon-Shaw hypothesis recommended the liberalisation of the financial sectors from such restrictions to stop economic stagnation and initiate economic growth. This hypothesis, however, is not without its share of critics who pointed out that severe financial repression must be distinguished from mild repression or that the McKinnon-Shaw framework failed to take into certain factors such as inflation or that some of its basic components lacked empirical basis. Moreover, specific studies of countries that adopted this financial repression yielded unequivocal results that could lead one to assert that financial repression leads only to one and only one result - economic stagnation. In connection with this, the cases of India and China, both of which have experienced financial repression, are presented in this paper to shed light to the McKinnon-Shaw claim that financial repression negatively affects economic growth. This is timely considering that both, especially China, are pres ently considered emerging super economies of the world. Financial repression is a term that was first coined in the 1970s by McKinnon and Shaw, but was actually a condition that existed prevalently before that. As a matter of fact, financial repression was the norm and financial liberalisation, its opposing term, the exception prior to the 1980s. Financial repression, thus, refers to government intervention in the financial environment by substituting regular market variables and mechanisms with its own (Spratt 58). The existence of financial repression can be deduced from the presence of the following factors: unsystematic distortions in financial prices such as interest and exchange rates; interest rates with ceiling caps and nominal interest at fixed rates, which lead to low or even negative real interest rates.