What do we understand by the idea of a politica Essays (218 words)

What do we understand by the idea of a political system'? How are different political systems connected to the traditions of social scientific thought? Illustrate your discussion with reference to at least TWO of the following cases - USA China Introduction: Definition of a political system Talking about the political system of the USA and China Talking about the other traditions of social scientific thought. Paragraph One: About the political system of the USA What is Liberalism? How the government of USA is liberal? What is Marxism? You are writing this as a example. How the people are benefiting from liberalism. How they are related to liberalism and communism Paragraph Two: About political system of China What is Communism? How the government of China is Communist? What is Conservatism? Again only example and definition How people are benefiting from Communism? How they are related to communism and liberalism Paragraph Three: How are different political systems connected to the traditions of social scientific thought and how are they related to the China and USA's political system Conclusion: Brief of the essay Don't answer as a first person, It shouldn't be first person ( no I, WE, YOU. ) Bibliography

Explain The Concept Of Gene Therapy And How The Technology Can Applied

Explain The Concept Of Gene Therapy And How The Technology Can Applied Explain The Concept Of Gene Therapy And How The Technology Can Applied In The Treatment Of Cystic – Coursework Example Gene Therapy In the advances of modern medicine and biology, scientists and researchers have been looking into the different cellular mechanics that help make the body work. One of the fields of great interest is genetic research as a way of completely curing the illnesses versus offering a prescription to relieve the symptoms. Genetic technology has allowed scientists to study, clone, and replicate DNA for the purposes of treatment and research. In particular, gene therapy is useful in helping treat a variety of illnesses such as cystic fibrosis. Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disorder that affects the respiratory system. With this condition, mucous build up occurs in the lungs as well as other organs in the body. The genetic disorder is cause by an abnormality in the DNA which causes the development of an abnormally amount of thick mucous. If not treated properly, cystic fibrosis can be fatal. Some of the commonly seen symptoms of the disease include, but aren’t limited to con gestion, cough, fatigue, nausea, etc. A blood test is usually used to identify the illnesses. There are also many different medical treatments available to help with this illness such as medication to help break up the thick mucous as well as a host of different antibiotics to reduce the risk of infection ("Cystic Fibrosis"). Gene therapy can be used as a possible cure method for cystic fibrosis. Gene therapy requires going to the cellular level in order to manipulate DNA that has been encoded incorrectly or has been damaged in order to eliminate the genetic disorder. First in 1990, researchers were able to sythesize correct DNA strands of the working gene that causes cystic fibrosis. Throughout the years, different methods of introducing this correct DNA onto an incorrect DNA template have included infection through genetically modified viruses and bacertia as well as through other methods ("Learning about Cystic Fibrosis"). Althougu there are limits to the ability of genetic manip ulation, scientists are currently researching new methods of being able to not only treat genetic disorders, but also how to cure these disorders. As gene therapy develops, more sophisticated techniques can be developed in order to ensure that all genetic disorders can be cured.References"Cystic Fibrosis." PubMed Health. 2011. Web. 6 Dec 2011. .United States. National Institute of Health. Learning about Cystic Fibrosis. 2011. Web. .

Writing An Academic paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Writing An Academic paper - Essay Example Magill v Magill is a recent legal case. Therefore, my research efforts would be targeted towards websites where I could read the case and the judgments that were tendered, as well as articles in law reviews dealing with the implications of the case. I would also refer to text books that contain materials on the general subject matter of the case, in this case paternity and tort. In the case of a book debt, I would first read financial websites and articles to gain an understanding of the subject and then look into legal websites to find articles dealing with the subject matter and my notes drawn from these sources would form the basis for my arguments and conclusions. I would first of all research Magill v Magill(2006) on Google. This would provide me with an idea about the case itself. The link http://www.canadiancrc.com/Magill/ Magill_High_Court_Media_release_09NOV06.htm provides me information which lets me know that the case of Magill is an Australian case which deals with paternity fraud and the tort of deceit. The CCH website deals primarily with business law while the LBC website has materials primarily on housing law, therefore I would not look into these websites, where it is unlikely that information on torts could be found. However the Australian legal website is likely to be a good source for specific information about the Magill case, as also the Lexis Nexis and/or Westlaw websites. On the Lexis Nexis Academic website, I go to the Legal link. The search terms I enter are â€Å"Magill v Magill† while the sources I specify would be the International Law Reviews combined. However, this search also pulls up several articles on another Magill case which concern intellectual property. So I refine my search by entering Magill v Magill within quotes, and requiring that the word â€Å"tort† be found in the documents retrieved, in order

QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS FOR DECISION MAKING Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS FOR DECISION MAKING - Essay Example Long-range forecast involve timeframes of over three years involving capital expenditures, R&D, new product planning and expansion (Heizer & Render). There are two different approaches of forecasting. The first approach is subjective or qualitative where factor’s such as the manager’s intuition, experience, emotions and opinion are utilized in reaching a forecast. The second quantitative approach involves the use of some historical data coupled with the use of some mathematical models in order to predict possible future outcomes. The qualitative approach is often useful in estimating sales for certain new consumer products or services that rely heavily on customer needs and preferences. Under the qualitative approach to forecasting there are four different types of methods used (Heizer, et. al.): Jury of executive Opinion- the opinion of a group of high level managers or decision makers is used in combination with some statistical models to arrive at a conclusion Sales Force composite- the individual salesperson sales forecasts are all combined and reviewed for accuracy in order to determine an overall forecast. Delphi Method- in these approach there are three types of participants: staff personnel, respondents and decision makers. The decision makers typically consist of a panel of 5 to 10 experts who will be making the actual forecasts.

Yes or no, did Roman architecture show any artistic advance over Greek Essay

Yes or no, did Roman architecture show any artistic advance over Greek architecture If so, how; if not, why not - Essay Example Nonetheless, many of the buildings were turned into places of worship during the Christian era. This paper highlights how Roman architecture shows artistic advances over Greek architecture. Roman culture and architecture, in specific, is established on that of the Greeks. In the republican period, Roman architecture merged Greek components and developed structures like the curved arch and the round temple. The principle Roman advancement in architecture was the establishment of sophisticated arched construction. This is where a ceiling is held by arches. During the Greek era, arched building was uncommon and straightforward. The common style of construction was referred to as post-and-beam (Kleiner 14). This was made up of vertical posts that held horizontal beams. The Romans also made advances in the building materials. Early Greeks used stone, mud, plaster, and wood in their buildings. In their natural form, these structures could not exist for long. Nonetheless, the Greeks built their temple with limestone or marble. Moreover, early Romans also used similar materials, especially limestone and marble. The Romans advanced building materials by utilizing concrete in many of their structures. Concrete is a combination of lime mortar, sand, and water. It is stout but light, permitting the Roman architects to build free-flowing and larger buildings. In addition, temples are the only form of Greek architecture that are still in existence (Ching, Jarzombek and Prakash 59). These structures were discernible on the inside and ornate on the outside. Conversely, Roman structures still exist. This is because of their progress in building technology. Unlike Greek structures, Roman buildings were ornate both on the inside and outside, showing the desire f or pleasure. Also, Romans improved the construction details. Greek buildings are usually of post and lintel and rectilinear construction. The

Literature review on depressive disorders

Literature review on depressive disorders Depression is one of the most prevailing medical disorders. Depression has been recognized as a distinct pathological entity from early Egyptian times (Reus, 2000). Depression is the most common psychiatric disorders. Each year, more than 100 million people worldwide develop clinical depression (Bjornlund, 2010). During a lifetime, it is estimated that between 8% and 20% of the general population will experience at least one clinically significant episode of depression (Kessler et al., 1994). Major depression causes the fourth-highest burden of disease among all medical diseases. It is expected to rise to second place, preceded only by cardiovascular disease by 2020 (Thompson, 2007). Depressive disorder has significant potential morbidity and mortality. Suicide is the second leading cause of death in persons aged 20-35 years. Depressive disorder is a major factor in around 50% of these deaths (Semple et al., 2005). A suicide attempt among patients with major depressive disorder is associated with the presence and severity of depressive symptoms. Lack of partner, previous suicide attempts and time spent in depression are risk factors of suicide attempts. Reducing the time of depression is a likely preventive measure of suicide (Sokero et al., 2005). Depression is a medically significant condition that needs to be diagnosed and properly treated. It is a severe disorder, tend to recur, and it costs the individual and society (Stefanis Stefanis, 2002). Epidemiology of Depressive Disorders Prevalence and Incidence Studies show substantial variability in the lifetime rates of depression. Lifetime rates are ranging from under 5 percent to 30 percent, but it is widely accepted that the lifetime prevalence is between 10 percent and 20 percent. The 6-month prevalence rate is considered to be between 2 percent and 5 percent based on surveys in several countries (Young et al., 2010). A cross- sectional WHO world health survey carried out in 60 countries covering all regions of the world showed a 1-year prevalence of depressive episode of 3.2 percent, with a 95 percent confidence interval of 3.0 percent to 3.5 percent (Moussavi et al., 2007). The life time prevalence of depression for adults varied from 3 percent in Japan to 16.9 percent in the US, with most countries in the range between 8 percent and 12 percent (Andrade et al., 2003). The prevalence of major depressive disorder is estimated to be about 2 percent in children (Birmaher et al., 1996). Estimates of the point prevalence of MDD in adolescence is range from 0.4 percent to 8.3 percent. Lifetime prevalence rates across adolescence range is from 15 percent to 20 percent (Roberts Bishop, 2005). In Dubai the prevalence of depressive disorders were 13.7% among women mostly neurotic depression (Ghubash et al., 1992). About 12-20% of persons experiencing an acute episode develop a chronic depressive syndrome, and up to 15% of patients who have depression for more than one month commit suicide (Reus, 2000). Risk Factors Genetics There is now substantial evidence that the genetic factors are of major importance as risk factors for vulnerability to major depression. Traditional estimates have put the heritability about 40 % (Joyce, 2003). Genetic influences are most marked in patients with more severe forms of depressive disorder and biological symptoms. The morbid risk in first-degree relatives is increased in all studies. This elevation is independent of the effects of environment or upbringing. In fewer severe forms of depression, genetic factors are fewer significant and environmental factors relatively more important (Souery et al., 1997). Gender Major depressive disorder is the twofold greater prevalence in women than in men independent of country or culture. The reasons for the difference are hypothesized to involve hormonal differences, the effects of childbirth, and differing on psychosocial stressors for women and for men (Sadock Sadock, 2007). Age Major depressive disorder occurs in all cultures and affects all age groups. Depression is common in Childhood and late adult. The mean age of onset is generally in the 30s (Dunner, 2008). Early-onset depression is associated with a higher female to a male ratio than late-onset depression. The incidence of major depressive disorder in old age is lower in both sexes. However, first incidence and prevalence of minor depressive disorder shows the opposite trend (Rihmer Angst, 2009). Personality In younger people, mild depression tends to affect anxious or dependent personalities with poor tolerance of stress. Severe depressive illness in middle age tends to affect hard-working, conventional people with high standards and obsessional traits. Obsessional personalities can find it, particularly difficult to adapt to stress or life changes, as in work or relationships, and this can come out as depression (Gill, 2007). Childhood experiences Early theorizing suggested that the loss of a parent in childhood increased the later risk for major depression. However, many studies have examined this issue; they have inconsistently found it to be a risk factor for adult depression (Tennant, 1988). Childhood sexual abuse has been established as a risk factor for adult major depression (Joyce, 2003). Marital status Rates of depressive illness is lower in the married man than in the single, widowed, or divorced. The protective effects of marriage are less marked in women. Young married women with children have high rates of depression; single women have low rates (Gill, 2007). However, those in a poor marriage with deficient intimacy are at increased risk of depression (Weissman, 1987). Social classes and occupation People of low socio-economic status (i.e. low levels of income, employment, and education) are at higher risk of depression (Semple et al., 2005). While job satisfaction can enhance mental well-being, the workplace can also be a source of stress and depression. However, the consequences of unemployment probably have far changed on mental health. The economic hardship to the unemployed and their families with depression due to long-term unemployment hindering job seeking and re-employment chances, exacerbated by loss of confidence and perceived loss of skills (Strandh, 2001). Depression is more common in urban than a rural district (Gill, 2007). Physical illness Having a chronic or severe physical illness is associated with an increased risk for depression. This suggests that the stress associated with a serious or chronic physical illness may act by bringing out an individuals lifetime vulnerability to depression (Joyce, 2003). Etiology of Depressive Disorders The etiology of major depressive disorder is unknown (Dunner, 2008). Multiple etiologic factors genetic, biochemical, psychodynamics, and socio-environmental may interact in complex ways to cause major depressive disorder (Loosen Shelton, 2011). GENETIC MODELS OF DEPRESSION There is evidence to suggest a genetic basis for the major depression disorder. Occurrences of major depressive episodes are clearly cluster in families. This degree of increased risk is about three to five times that of the normal population. Twin and adoption study is consistent with a genetic contribution to major depressive disorders. However, studies suggest that other factors also are important (Schiffer, 2008). Actually, it is the tendency to become depressed in response to life events that are inherited (Hirschfield Weissman, 2002). Moreover, family and twin studies show a clear genetic component of life events themselves (Kendler Karkowski, 1997). ENDOCRINE MODELS OF DEPRESSION Neuroendocrine abnormalities that reflect the neurovegetative signs and symptoms of depression include: first, increased cortisol and corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) secretion, second, an increase in adrenal size, third, a decreased inhibitory response of glucocorticoids to dexamethasone, and fourth, a blunted response of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) level to infusion of thyroid-releasing hormone (TRH). Antidepressant treatment leads to normalization of these pituitary-adrenal abnormalities (Reus, 2008). Thyroid hormone may potentiate both the speed and the efficacy of antidepressant medication (Altshuler et al., 2001). Furthermore, there also evidence that patient resistant to other treatments may respond to addition of thyroid hormone (Joffe Marriott, 2000). NEUROCHEMICAL MODELS OF DEPRESSION The most famous hypotheses generated to account for the actual mechanism of the mood disorder focus on regulatory disturbances in the monoamine neurotransmitter systems, particularly that involving norepinephrine and serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine). It has also been hypothesized that depression is associated with an alteration in the acetylcholine-adrenergic balance and characterized by a relative cholinergic dominance. In addition, there are suggestions that dopamine is functionally decreased in some cases of major depression. Original reports suggesting that patients with endogenous depression experienced either decreased noradrenergic or serotonergic activity now appear to be overly simplistic. All the monoamine neurotransmitter systems are interrelated and subject to compensatory adaptation to perturbation over time (Reus, 2000). CELLULAR MODELS OF DEPRESSION Most current hypotheses of neurotransmitter function in altered mood states have focused on changes in receptor sensitivity and second messenger systems. With a few exceptions long-term antidepressant treatment is associated with reduced postsynaptic ÃŽÂ ²-adrenergic receptor sensitivity and enhanced postsynaptic serotonergic and cyclic adenosine monophosphate activity (Reus, 2000). A number of intracellular changes which involve alterations in cellular second messenger systems and ion channels are postulated to occur in depression. Intracellular changes may involve changes in guanine triphosphate binding proteins, G-proteins on the receptor, cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) regulation, reduced protein kinase activity and brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Antidepressants as well as ECT increase BDNF and BDNF have been found to increase functioning of serotonin (Kay Tasman, 2006). NEUROIMAGING MODELS OF DEPRESSION Recent rapid advances in neuroimaging methodology have attempted to relate the phenomenological abnormalities seen in depression to changes in brain structure and function (Fu et al., 2003). There is increasing evidence that depression may be associated with structural brain pathology. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has revealed decreased volume in cortical regions, particularly the frontal cortex, but also in subcortical structures, such as the hippocampus, amygdala, caudate, and putamen (Sheline Minyun, 2002). The most widely replicated Positron emission tomography (PET) scanning (PET) finding in depression is decreased anterior brain metabolism, which is generally more pronounced on the left side. In addition, increased glucose metabolism has been observed in several limbic regions (Thase, 2009). Neuroimaging has also helped in the further investigation of the neurochemical deficits in depression. The largest study to date using PET found a marked global reduction in brain 5-HT2 receptor binding (22-27%) in various regions (Sheline Minyun, 2002). There is an increasing literature using neuroimaging to understand suicidality, particularly in depression. Mann (2005) cites several imaging studies suggesting decreased serotonin function in suicidal individuals and decreased activity in associated areas of the dorsal system involved in emotion regulation, such as the anterior cingulate. A number of regions more speci ¬Ã‚ c to suicidality are also highlighted, particularly those that seem to be involved in impulsivity and aggression, such as the right lateral temporal cortex, right frontopolar cortex, and right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (Goethals et al., 2005). This literature has as well found structural abnormalities in relevant regions of the dorsal system, particularly the orbitofrontal cortex, which has speci ¬Ã‚ cally been linked to potential decision making de ¬Ã‚ cits that could lead to suicidality. Thus, such data potentially suggest clinically important subtype differentiation in brain function for this sym ptom (Ingram, 2009). PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS Stressful life events more often precede first, rather than subsequent, episodes of mood disorders. Some clinicians believe that life events play the primary or principal role in depression; others suggest that life events have only a limited role in the onset and timing of depression. Data indicate that the life event sometimes associated with development of depression is losing a parent before age 11. The loss of a spouse is the environmental stressor most often associated with the onset of an episode of depression. Another risk factor is unemployment; persons out of work are three times more likely to report symptoms of an episode of major depression than those who are employed (Sadock Sadock, 2007). PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORIES OF DEPRESSION Psychoanalytic theory as postulated by both Freud and Abraham emphasized the connection between mourning and melancholia. The melancholic patient experiences a loss of self esteem with associated helplessness, prominent guilt and self deprecation. According to the theory, these symptoms result from internally directed anger or aggression turned against the self, leading to a depressive experience (Kay Tasman, 2006). Melanie Klein understood depression as involving the expression of aggression toward loved ones. Edward Bibring regarded depression as a phenomenon that sets in when a person becomes aware of the discrepancy between extraordinarily high ideals and the inability to meet those goals. Edith Jacobson saw the state of depression as similar to a powerless, helpless child victimized by a tormenting parent. Silvano Arieti observed that many depressed people have lived their lives for someone else (a principle, an ideal, or an institution, as well as an individual) rather than for themselves. Heinz Kohuts conceptualization of depression, derived from his self-psychological theory, rests on the assumption that the developing self has specific needs that must be met by parents to give the child a positive sense of self-esteem and self-cohesion. When others do not meet these needs, there is a massive loss of self-esteem that presents as depression. John Bowlby believed that damaged early attachments and traumatic separation in childhood predispose to depression. Adult losses are said to revive the traumatic childhood loss and so precipitate adult depressive episodes (Sadock Sadock, 2007). Interpersonal Theory (IPT) Interpersonal theory focuses on difficulties in current interpersonal functioning. In IPT, depression is held to relate to one or more of four functional areas: grief, interpersonal role disputes, role transitions, and interpersonal deficits. In IPT, the reciprocal relationship between ones mood and interpersonal events is investigated. Stressful life events may overwhelm coping ability and produce a depressed mood, which then contributes to ongoing interpersonal difficulties. Once this relationship is identified, modifying it becomes the focus of treatment (Grunze et al., 2008). THE COGNITIVE MODEL Cognitive theories of depression hypothesize that particular negative ways of thinking increase individuals probability of developing and maintaining depression when they experience stressful life events. According to these theories, individuals that possess specific maladaptive cognitive patterns are vulnerable to depression because they tend to develop negative information processing about themselves and their experiences (Sanderson McGinn, 2001). Behavioral Models Martin Seligman developed the theory of learned helplessness as he was searching for an animal model of depression. In this formulation, individuals in stressful situations in which they are unable to prevent or alter an aversive stimulus (i.e., physical or psychic pain) withdraw and make no further attempts to escape even when opportunities to improve the situation become available (Reus, 2000). Clinical Features of Depressive Disorders Depressed mood is the most characteristic symptom, occurring in over 90% of patients. The patient usually describes himself or herself as feeling sad, low, empty, hopeless, gloomy, or down in the dumps. The physician often observes changes in the patients posture, speech, faces, dress, and grooming consistent with the patients self-report. A small percentage of patients does not report a depressed mood, usually referred to as masked depression. Similarly, some children and adolescents do not exhibit a sad demeanor, presenting instead as irritable or odd (Loose Shelton, 2008). Anhedonia manifests with a lack of interest in formerly pleasurable activities; sports and hobbies, etc. no longer arouse patients, and if they force themselves to partake, they take no pleasure in such activities. Libido is routinely lost and there is no pleasure in sexual activity (Moore, 2008). Depressed individuals frequently report cognitive changes that include impaired attention, concentration, and decision making (Woo Keatinge, 2008). Sleep may be increased or decreased. Insomnia is one of the major manifestations of depressive illness and is characterized more by multiple awakenings, especially in the early hours of the morning than by difficulty falling asleep. Young depressive patients, especially those with bipolar tendencies, typically complain of hypersomnia, sleeping as long as 12 to 15 hours a day. Obviously, such patients will have difficulty getting up in the morning. Although decreased sexual desire occurs in both men and women, women are more likely to complain of infrequent menses or cessation of menses. Decrease or loss of libido in men often results in erectile failure (Dunner, 2008). Appetite can be decreased or increased with or without weight loss or gain; the most typical pattern is a decrease in appetite with weight loss (Faravelli et al., 2005). Psychomotor disturbances include, on the one hand, agitation and on the other, retardation. Agitation, usually accompanied by anxiety, irritability and restlessness, is a common symptom of depression. In contrast, retardation, manifested as slowing of bodily movements, mask-like facial expression, lengthening of reaction time to stimuli, increased speech paucity. The extreme form of retardation is an inability to move or to be mentally and emotionally activated (stupor) (Stefanis Stefanis, 2002). The attitude and outlook of these patients may become profoundly negative and pessimistic. They have no hope for themselves or for the future. Self-esteem sinks and the workings of conscience become prominent. Patients see themselves as worthless, as having never done anything of value. Rather they see their sins multiply before them (Moore Jefferson, 2004). Suicidal ideation is almost always present. At times this may be merely passive and patients may wish aloud that they might die of some disease or accident. Conversely, it may be active, and patients may consider hanging or shooting themselves, jumping from bridges, or overdosing on their medications. Often the risk of suicide greatest as patients begin to recover. Still seeing themselves worthless and hopeless sinners, these patients, now with some relief from fatigue, may find themselves with enough energy to carry out their suicidal plans. The overall suicide rate in major depressive disorder is about 4 percent; among those with depressive episodes severe enough to prompt hospitalization, however, the rate rises to about 9 percent (Moore, 2008). Up to 15 percent of untreated or unsatisfactorily treated patients give up hope of ever recovering and kill themselves (Akiskal, 2009). Proximal risk factors for suicide include agitation, current suicidal intent or plan, severe depression and/or anhedonia, instability (e.g., alcohol abuse or decline in health), recent loss, and availability of a lethal agent. Distal risk factors include a current suicidal intent with a plan, personal or family history of suicide, aggressive or impulsive behavioral pattern, poor response to treatment for depression, poor treatment alliance, a history of abuse or trauma, and/or substance or alcohol abuse (Hawton Harriss, 2007). Paranoid symptoms can occur among patients with major depression. There are usually exaggerated ideas of reference associated with notions of worthlessness. Characteristic delusions of patients with depression are those of a hypochondriacal or nihilistic type. Hallucinations may also occur in major depression. These commonly involve accusatory voices or visions of deceased relatives associated with feelings of guilt (North Yutzy, 2010). Adolescent-onset depression often takes on a more chronic course associated with dysthymic symptoms. In adolescence, MDD appears to be associated with greater fatigue, worthlessness and more prominent vegetative signs. The sequelae of depression in children and adolescents are sometimes characterized by disruption in school performance, social withdrawal, increased behavioral disruption and substance abuse (Kay Tasman, 2006). Among the elderly, agitation and hypochondriacal concerns are common, and indeed the patient may deny feeling depressed at all. Memory and concentration may be so impaired in demented elderly. In the past, this has been called a pseudodementia, presumably to distinguish it from other kinds of dementia. However, a better, more recent term is dementia syndrome of depression (Moore Jefferson, 2004). Elderly people are more likely than younger adults to have a depressive illness that goes undetected and thus untreated, which may contribute to the high risk of suicide among older patients. The suicide rate of this population is higher than for any other age group, and the attempts are serious: One out of four succeeds, compared with one out of two hundred for young adults (Bjornlund, 2010). Diagnosis and Classification of Depressive Disorders Depression conceives a variety of psychic and somatic syndromes, and the diagnosis is derived from diligent clinical observation (Grunze et al., 2008). Depression as a term in popular use is mostly considered to be synonymous with low mood or grief. Depression mental (and medical) disorder, however, is different, and besides low mood, is characterized by a variety of additional symptoms (Grunze et al., 2008). Depressive disorders are defined by clinically derived standard diagnostic criteria of emotional, behavioral, cognitive, and somatic symptoms, and associated with functional impairment. They are assessed through structured clinical interviews and observation. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV; American Psychiatric Association, 2000) and International Classification of Diseases 10 (ICD-10; World Health Organization, 1992) use the same criteria to diagnose depressive disorders in children, adolescents, and adults (Roberts Bishop, 2005). The term affect usually refers to the outward and changeable manifestation of a persons emotional tone, whereas mood is a more enduring emotional orientation that colors the persons psychology (American Psychiatric Association, 1984). Subtypes of Depressive Disorders: Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) According to DSM-IV-TR, a major depressive disorder occurs without a history of a manic, mixed, or hypomanic episode. A major depressive episode must last at least 2 weeks. Typically, a person with a diagnosis of a major depressive episode also experiences at least four symptoms from a list that includes changes in appetite and weight, changes in sleep and activity, lack of energy, feelings of guilt, problems thinking and making decisions, and recurring thoughts of death or suicide (Sadock Sadock, 2007). Table 1.1.1 shows DSM-IV-TR criteria for major depressive episode. Unipolar and Bipolar Depression When a person develops an episode of mania they are conventionally identified as suffering from bipolar disorder. Patients with depressive episodes only are diagnosed as having unipolar depression (Baldwin Birtwistle, 2002). Melancholic Depression Individuals with melancholic depression experience a loss of pleasure in all or almost all activities or are nonreactive to usually pleasurable activities (American Psychiatric Association, 2000). In addition, according to the DSM-IV-TR, the individual must display three or more symptoms from a list of six, such as worsening depression in the morning, early morning awakening, significant weight loss or anorexia, and the perception that ones mood is qualitatively different from that experienced in other contexts. Melancholic depression is considered a severe form of affective illness (Woo Keatinge, 2008). Self-belittlement, an exaggerated sense of guilt, a feeling that life is pointless and that one has failed in everything are very often accompanied by severe recurrent suicidal thoughts and thoughts about death. However, the risk of suicide usually first becomes prominent when the patient is in the process of improvement and the psychomotor inhibition decreases while, at the same time, expectations about the capacity to cope with the psychosocial situation are still very negative (Wasserman, 2001). Table 1.1.1 DSM-IV-TR criteria for major depressive episode Five (or more) of the following symptoms have been present during the same 2-week period and represent a change from previous functioning; at least one of the symptoms is either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure. Note: Do not include symptoms that are clearly due to a general medical condition, or mood-incongruent delusions or hallucinations. depressed mood most of the day, nearly every day, as indicated by either subjective report (e.g., feels sad or empty) or observation made by others (e.g., appears tearful). Note: In children and adolescents, can be irritable mood. markedly diminished interest or pleasure in all, or almost all, activities most of the day, nearly every day (as indicated by either subjective account or observation made by others) significant weight loss when not dieting or weight gain (e.g., a change of more than 5% of body weight in a month), or decrease or increase in appetite nearly every day. Note: In children, consider failure to make expected weight gains. insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day psychomotor agitation or retardation nearly every day (observable by others, not merely subjective feelings of restlessness or being slowed down) fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt (which may be delusional) nearly every day (not merely self-reproach or guilt about being sick) diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness, nearly every day (either by subjective account or as observed by others) recurrent thoughts of death (not just fear of dying), recurrent suicidal ideation without a specific plan, or a suicide attempt or a specific plan for committing suicide The symptoms do not meet criteria for a mixed episode. The symptoms cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. The symptoms are not due to the direct physiological effects of a substance (e.g., a drug of abuse, a medication) or a general medical condition (e.g., hypothyroidism). The symptoms are not better accounted for by bereavement, i.e., after the loss of a loved one. The symptoms persist for longer than two months or are characterized by marked functional impairment, morbid preoccupation with worthlessness, suicidal ideation, psychotic symptoms, or psychomotor retardation. Source. Reprinted from American Psychiatric Association: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition, Text Revision. Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Association, 2000. Masked Depression About 50% of major depressive episodes are unrecognized because depressed mood is less obvious than other symptoms of the disorder. Alexithymia, or inability to express emotions in words, can focus a patients attention on physical symptoms of depression, such as insomnia, low energy, and difficulty concentrating, without any awareness of feeling depressed. Common masked presentations of major depression include marital and family conflicts, absenteeism from work, poor school performance, social withdrawal, loss of a sense of humor, and lack of motivation (Joska Stein, 2008). Seasonal depression Seasonal depression is a condition in which depressed mood accompanied by lethargy, excessive sleep, increased appetite, and irritability recurs each winter. It was believed to respond exclusively to light treatment. However, recent studies indicate it can be just as effectively managed with standard methods of treatment, such as medication (Gill, 2007). Psychotic Depression The term psychotic depression (or delusional depression) refers to a major depressive episode accompanied by psychotic features (i.e., delusions and/or hallucinations). Most studies report that 16%-54% of depressed patients have psychotic symptoms. Delusions occur without hallucinations in one-half to two-thirds of the adults with psychotic depression, whereas hallucinations are unaccompanied by delusions in 3%-25% of patients. Half of all psychotically depressed patients experience more than one kind of delusion (Dubovsky Thomas, 1992). Dysthymic Disorder Dysthymia refers to symptoms of mild depression, which have persisted for at least two years. Symptoms fluctuate more than in major depression, and they are typical including insomnia, lack of appetite, or poor concentration (Bech, 2003). Double Depression Double depression characterized by the development of MDD superimposed upon a mild, chronic dysthymic disorder (DD). Individuals with double depression often demonstrate poor interepisode recovery. Furthermore, 25% of the depressed individuals manifest double depression (First Tasman, 2006). Table 1.1.2 shows DSM-IV-TR criteria for dysthymic disorder. Table 1.1.2 DSM-IV-TR diagnostic criteria for dysthymic disorder Depressed mood for most of the day, for more days than not, as indicated either by subjective account or observation by others, for at least 2 years. Note: In children and adolescents, mood can be irritable and duration must be at least 1 year. Presence, while depressed, of two (or more) of the following: poor appetite or overeating insomnia or hypersomnia low energy or fatigue low self-esteem poor concentration or difficulty making decisions feelings of hopelessness

It’s Time to Crack Down on Police Brutality Essay -- Argumentative Per

It’s Time to Crack Down on Police Brutality   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Police brutality has become a widespread and persistent problem in the United States.   Police brutality occurs when a law enforcement officers use excessive or unlawful force while on or off duty.   "Established: A Pattern of Abuse" is an article in The Humanist, written by Barbara Dority.   She states, "Thousands of individual complaints are reported each year and local authorities pay out millions of dollars to vicitms in damages and lawsuits" (5).   Dority also describes some of the types of abuse that officers have done.   "[They] have beaten and shot unresisting suspects; they have misused batons, chemicals sprays, and electro-shock weapons; [and] they have injured or killed people by placing them in dangerous restraint holds" (5).   There have been many cases throughout the country where police officers have been far too brutal and someone has been injured or killed.   There have been many hundreds of cases like this and many peop le are wondering when it will end or even if it will end.   Most citizens of the United States agree that it is wrong and needs to be reduced if not eliminated.   So it all comes down to one question: what can be done about it?   Unfortunately, prosecution has not been sufficiently effective in stopping the brutality.   Police forces throughout the U.S. should be made more accountable for their actions. The greatest problem that has developed from police brutality is that the guilty officers are not punished, which leads to another incident of abuse.   Authorities should give more effective punishment to officers who abuse citizens.   Such punishment would help prevent abuse from happening again and again.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In an anonymous Economist article c... ...gainst New York cops since 1993, only 180 officers have been disciplined, most of them with just a lecture or the loss of a vacation day" (26).   Officers need to be treated like citizens when it comes to that type of crime.   They should be sent to jail and just saying sorry should not let them off the hook.   They may be law officers, but they are not gods and they should have to face the consequences of their actions as all good citizens must.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Sources Cited    Dority, Barbara.   "Established: A Pattern of Abuse."   The Humanist. 59.1 (Jan. 1999):5. Lacayo, Richard.   "Good Cop, Bad Cop."   Time.   150.9 (1 Sept. 1997):26-31. Lewis, Edward.   " Policing the Police."   Essence.   28.7 (Nov. 1997):14. Anonymous.   "Excessive Force."   The Economist 348.8076 (11 July 1998): 32.   

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder in Children Essay

Abstract Post Traumatic Stress Disorder affects not only adults but also children. There are four major ways by which traumatic events may affect the psychological state of children: cognitively, affectively, behaviorally and psychosomatically. There are questions as to the sufficiency of the instrumentation used in determining and measuring of the disorder. Studies also show that the fear experienced by adults in seeing signs of aggression in children may be affecting adversely affecting the possible therapeutic benefits of normal child’s play and physical activity. There may be a need for programs specifically geared toward educating parents and primary care givers of children suffering from PTSD in how to handle and deal with the child’s disorder and psychological needs. Post Traumatic Stress Disorder in Children as a Result of Violence, Crime and War It is not unusual for most adults, particularly those who are parents, to keep bad things away from children. As much as possible, childhood should remain a time of innocence and joy without the responsibility or care for matters that trouble the world. But what if it just cannot be avoided and bad things happen to children? In the aftermath of unhappy events, how do children display trauma and what are the things that people should know in dealing with children suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   For example, the September 11, 2001 terror attacks left behind families and children who have lost moms and dads in that instant. Even adults and children who were indirectly affected by the attacks have grown to suffer feelings of anxiety and shattered security in their personal and familial safety (Smith & Reynolds, 2002). Besides the inevitable feelings of grief, children especially were left behind and often contend with nightmares and morbid pictures of the traumatic deaths their loved ones experienced as well as the stress and difficulty of trying to picture lives without mom or dad. It is also important to remember that the effects of trauma are not limited to those who suffer it directly (Sims, Hayden, Palmer & Hutchins, 2000, p. 41) The ubiquity of television also afforded children at home not only news of the attacks but also vivid pictures and descriptions of the tragedy and all its violence. The case of a 7-year old boy named Johnny is cited in the study (2002) by Smith and Reynolds.: Following the 9/11 attacks, Johnny developed a constant fear of his parents leaving home and getting killed by â€Å"bad men.† He also developed a phobia of elevators and would throw tantrums whenever his parents tried to make him use one. Johnny admitted to his therapist that his fear of elevator stemmed from a story he heard of how â€Å"people in the Twin Towers were trapped and killed while riding in the elevators.† (Smith & Reynolds, 2002)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Neither Johnny nor his family were directly involved or affected in the terror attack. The mental and emotional strain suffered by survivors and those affected by this very high profile event led to the American Psychiatric Association’s setting up of counseling services â€Å"focusing on grief, acute stress and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) (Smith & Reynolds, 2002). What is PTSD? Originally associated with survivors and veterans of the Vietnam War, PTSD refers to an impairment of an individual’s capability to function in everyday following exposure or experience of an exceptionally disturbing event. Besides war, this has grown to cover the ill mental and emotional effects of â€Å"natural and civilian catastrophes, criminal assault, rape, terrorist attacks and accidents.† (Murray, 1992, p. 315) The DSM IV presents a more broadened definition of traumatic exposure as â€Å"the person experienced, witnessed, or was confronted with an event or events that involved actual or threatened death or serious injury, or a threat to the physical integrity of self or others,† and which evoked â€Å"intense fear, helplessness, or horror† (Mcnally, 2003). This broadened definition also qualifies extreme horror at what other people’s experience or events outside their environment as possible causes of PTSD. Symptoms of PTSD include vivid and morbid imagery, numbing, disruptions in thoughts and cognition, delayed response and reaction, strong feelings of anxiety, persistence of nightmares and difficulties in dealing with and solving problems. (Foa & Meadows, 1997) Saylor and Swenson, et.al state that before the late 80’s there was minimal attention given to how children were affected by traumatic events. It took two powerful hurricanes, one devastating earthquake and the bombing of the Oklahoma Center before it was realized that there were very little preparedness in ministering to the psychological needs of traumatized children   (Saylor, Swenson, Reynolds & Taylor, 1999, p. 70). In 1999, psychologist Barbara Lowenthal pegged the number of children in America being exposed to traumatic events each year at four million. These traumatic events include â€Å"physical, sexual and emotional abuse; neglect; accidents; severe injuries; and natural disasters.† Lowenthal also says that these children are at a high risk of suffering from PTSD and may cause them to be prone to developing phobias and other neuro-psychiatric disorders including anxiety and depression (Lowenthal, 1999). The National Center for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (NCPTSD, 2001) reports that there is a higher likelihood of psychological symptoms associated with PTSD to be found among children who have experienced traumatic events before the age of 11 compared to those who suffer trauma at later ages. (Alat, 2002) Lowenthal also says that besides the general symptoms of PTSD, children who have suffered trauma are likely to develop difficulties in forming relationships, cognition and learning, as well as a â€Å"numbing† that may make affected children experience difficulty in understanding and expressing their feelings in addition to regulating their emotions. This often leads to â€Å"provocative behaviors† and avoidance of intimacy. (Lowenthal, 1999). In his article in the Journal of Multi-cultural Counseling and Development in 2004, Clinical psychologist and Fellow of the American Psychological Association (APA) Gargi Roysircar studied the case of 20-year old Yugoslavian à ©migrà © Stephen, who at the age of 10 witnessed the height of the civil war between Christians and Muslims in Kosovo in 1990. Stephen remembers witnessing about 80% of his classmates get killed by bombs, sniper shots and gunfire as they walked to and from school. At age 14, Stephen was taken by his father to the frontlines and be trained in combat to fight with the Serbian army. The next two years wold take Stephen all over the Balkans and would expose him to all kinds of privation and war atrocities. Eventually migrating as political refugees in the United States, in 1999, Stephen demonstrated difficulty in acculturation and adjustment. The constant displacement he experienced in war along with the mistrust bred by his past and cultural paranoia fostered by the Croatian community they lived with made it difficult for Stephen to acclimatize to peacetime setting.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Roysircar describes Stephen as having â€Å"recurrent thoughts and images of his violent experience in the Balkans. He experienced nightmares, hostility and a profound sense of a lack of belonging. Stephen also often recounted the difficulties he experienced including â€Å"hiding in a basement and eating rats† especially when angry. He also displays a deep-seated hatred for the Muslims and believes â€Å"the Middle East should be wiped off the face of the Earth† (Roysircar, 2004).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This kind of behavior can very well be treated as expected according to an study published in the Australian Journal of Early Childhood in 2000. The researchers posit that in war-torn times, children are forced to adjust out of necessity for survival. This experience develops the idea of a dangerous world where no one can be trusted and therefore prompts children to be the aggressor rather than the victim (Sims, Hayden, Palmer & Hutchins, 2000, p. 41). According to Vazquez there are many conditions that fit the general description of PTSD. There are however differences in â€Å"depth, complexity and intensity† that require appropriate and often differing treatments (Vazquez, 2005). In Stephen’s case, the therapy method that worked for him involved deep self-reflection and existential therapy sessions with his counselor where he was able to open up and tell stories of his experiences and thoughts of his past and present, and dreams for the future (Roysircar, 2004). Effects and Treatment of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder It is important to remember that not every child who is exposed to or experiences trauma develops PTSD. Since the 1980’s there has been marked growth in the development of instrumentation in the measurement and treatment of PTSD in children. These assessment methods designed for children of different age groups include â€Å"structured interviews, questionnaires, self-report scales, inventories, and psychophysiological evaluation † (Alat, 2002) There are four major ways by which PTSD can affect children: cognitively,affectively, behavioral and physiological-somatically (Lowenthal, 1999; Alat, 2002). Cognitively, children experience fear at a possible repetition of the traumatic event. Some may even feel responsible for the traumatic event’s occurrence. There may also be confusion, academic and developmental problems, lowered IQ and diminished abilities in language and communication. In its affective effects, children with PTSD become emotionally fragile and are given to fits of outburst and anger. They develop low thresholds for stress and fear. They become nervous, compulsive and often feel a sense of futility. Behaviors can also become extreme. Affected children may become either very loud or very shy. It is not unusual for children to revert to juvenile behavior such as thumb sucking or regression in academic knowledge. They may also develop self-destructive behavior and become vulnerable to alcohol, drugs, and self-abuse. Children may also manifest PTSD in the form of physical sickness such as high temperatures, â€Å"vomiting and headaches†(Alat, 2002). There may also be instances of sleep and eating disorders, fatigue and â€Å"biochemical alterations in the brain† (Alat, 2002) Family members and teachers generally notice these symptoms first. At this time, it is important that both come together and develop ways of supporting the affected child. A school counselor may be able to help evaluate whether a child indeed has PTSD or not. Therapy with a professionally trained psychiatrist, psychologist, counselor or therapist is the treatment for persons diagnosed with PTSD. The methods employed however, may vary according to the severity of the disorder as may be observed in the individual. Majority of the suggested therapies that parents and educators are encouraged to employ with children suffering from PTSD are physical and social expression/reflection through group and one-on one interaction as well as play based therapies (Alat, 2002). This particular therapy however has encountered difficulties particularly after the 9/11 attacks and the idea that aggression addressed in the earlier stages will stave off future violent behavior. For example, a child who builds a tower of blocks and flies an airplane into them may be viewed as at-risk for future violence. This child’s behavior, in fact, may be a healthy and developmentally appropriate way to gain mastery over the child’s fears, anger, and confusion about Sept. 11. Smith and Reynolds (2002) decry this repression of a child’s possible â€Å"venting† or anger and state that instead of suppressing the aggression manifested by children at play, parents and educators should let children be within certain limits. As long as children do not cause harm to themselves, others or objects within their surroundings, it is best that they be allowed to express their anger and whatever negative feelings they have in a â€Å"therapeutic manner.† (Smith & Reynolds, 2002) Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The researcher observes that while there is an acceptance and awareness of the existence of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder among children, there still seem to be a lot of confusion as to what are the indicators of such disorder as well as the methods by which it should be addressed and treated. While Lowenthal (1999), Alat (2002) and other psychologists have managed to simplify such symptoms in four main categories, it is also stated in most studies that childhood trauma does not necessarily result in PTSD. There is still a question as to how the average lay person may be able to distinguish between delayed PTSD and natural defiance and common anxiety. The researcher also noticed that several of the symptoms listed in determining PTSD can also be found listed as symptoms of other psychological disorders in the DSM IV. The only difference is that with PTSD, there is a requisite traumatic event that is supposed to act as a trigger for the disorder. Smith and Reynolds (2002) make a valid point as to how adult paranoia of events that could possibly happen could seriously hinder the coping mechanism of children and therefore cause more harm than good. Logic dictates that feelings left unexpressed often come out one way or another. Alat also makes a good suggestion in encouraging teachers /educators to help children express their feelings in group discussions. As adults benefit largely in group therapy, there is no reason why children should not be able to do the same. Recommendations   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Despite its many advancements in instrumentation and awareness, there are still many gray areas in how people can support and help children suffering PTSD. The researcher recommends that further studies be done with the objective of clarifying and further distinguishing PTSD symptoms from other psychological disorders so that those affected may receive the appropriate treatment.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The researcher further recommends that programs designed to educate teachers, primary care givers and parents in the impact of PTSD on children as well as the many ways they can help support the child’s treatment. Most of the child’s time is spent with family and school. It may perhaps speed up progress of therapy is extended beyond the time they spend with their clinical therapists.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There is the observation that adults may feel fear at what they perceive to be early signs of violence and aggression. The very fact that this sort of thinking exists stands as proof that attention to educating the people in a child’s environment with regard to what is natural and not in children’s behavioral patterns must be emphasized. Constant communication between parents and other people their children interact with particularly in the period following a traumatic event may also be helpful in gauging any effects the vent may have had.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Children exhibiting changes in behavior must also be carefully observed. As in the case of little Johnny who suddenly developed a fear of elevators, there may just be something behind the changes in a child’s behavior. Forcing them to face fears without completely understanding the root of these fears may only cause irreparable damage. These are just a few things that psychologists and behaviorists must educate parents and the other people in close contact with a child possibly suffering from post traumatic stress disorder in. References Alat, K. (2002). Traumatic Events and Children: How Early Childhood Educators Can Help. Childhood Education, 79(1), 2+. Retrieved November 21, 2007, from Questia database: http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5002498529 Foa, E., & Meadows, E. (1997). Psychosocial Treatments for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Critical Review. 449+. Retrieved November 21, 2007, from Questia database: http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5000413895 Lowenthal, B. (1999). Effects of Maltreatment and Ways to Promote Children’s Resiliency. Childhood Education, 75(4), 204+. Retrieved November 21, 2007, from Questia database: http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5002315362 Mcnally, R. J. (2003). Progress and Controversy in the Study of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. 229+. Retrieved November 21, 2007, from Questia database: http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5002051892 Murray, J. B. (1992). Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Review. Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs, 118(3), 315-338. Retrieved November 21, 2007, from Questia database: http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=96430362 Roysircar, G. (2004). Child Survivor of War: A Case Study. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 32(3), 168+. Retrieved November 21, 2007, from Questia database: http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5012181947 Saylor, C. F., Swenson, C. C., Reynolds, S. S., & Taylor, M. (1999). The Pediatric Emotional Distress Scale: a Brief Screening Measure for Young Children Exposed to Traumatic Events. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 28(1), 70-81. Retrieved November 21, 2007, from Questia database: http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=81021655 Sims, M., Hayden, J., Palmer, G., & Hutchins, T. (2000). Working in Early Childhood Settings with Children Who Have Experienced Refugee or War-Related Trauma. Australian Journal of Early Childhood, 25(4), 41. Retrieved November 21, 2007, from Questia database: http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5001127890 Smith, S., & Reynolds, C. (2002). Innocent Lost: The Impact of 9-11 on the Development of Children. Annals of the American Psychotherapy Association, 5(5), 12+. Retrieved November 21, 2007, from Questia database: http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5002560442 Vazquez, S. R. (2005). A New Paradigm for PTSD Treatment: Emotional Transformation Therapy. Annals of the American Psychotherapy Association, 8(2), 18+. Retrieved November 21, 2007, from Questia database: http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5011704316      

Brook Food Company

Brook Food Company FDF Company is interested in increasing its production capacity of cakes and muffins, which would be sold to airlines. In fact, the envisaged project is expected to be supported by an extra line that would be important in significantly increasing the production capacity of the business establishment. The project will deal with three new flex stages, which are mixing, depositing, and baking processes.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Brook Food Company specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The stages would be essential in producing muffins and mini cakes in the UK. It would be important to choose a company that would supply the equipment for the production of the planned goods. It would be expected that the food products would be of high quality so that they can be characterised by excellent sales in the markets. Brook Food Company would be selected as the preferred supplier of the equipment to be used in the production be cause they are convenient and meet all the standards in muffin and cake making. This paper aims at discussing the background and capacities of the selected organisation. In addition, it focuses on analysing the backgrounds and capacities of competitors of the selected firm. The following are the specifications of the new line products: Moisture content in muffin bar: 25% approx. Bake Time Required: 45 Minutes Bake Temperature: 370F The attributes of the muffins would ensure that they would be of excellent quality that would lead to significant sales in both local and foreign markets. The specifications of depositors, mixers and ovens are shown below: Depositor: To produce 4400 muffins / per hour Cupcake size (10 100gr approx.) 6-8 heads Mixer:Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Ability to mix 400 kg To produce 4,400 muffins / per hour Oven: Four trolley racks either in 14 or 22 format convectional pass through an oven To bake 4,800 muffins / per hour Thus, the equipment of the firm would be selected for the project. The firm has the largest market of for second hand machines in the UK and in foreign markets. In addition, it is characterised by good equipment for mixing, depositing and baking stages. Backgrounds Capacities of manufacturers (Depositors, Mixers and ovens) Brook Food Processing Equipment Company This firm is involved in supplying new, refurbished and used machines that are utilised in making bakery products in the UK. The sale of used and refurbished products is one of the company’s strategic marketing tools because the sale of second hand goods is a good idea to the customers with relatively small investments that cannot be used in purchasing new baking machines. As the UK’s largest supplier of bakery equipment, the organisation has aligned its policies and strategies in a manner that enables the it to be r espond to customer tastes and preferences in different segments of the market. As a result, it has been able to pride itself as being very responsive to client needs, enabling it to retain a large number of loyal customers who have in turn enabled it to enjoy a large market share in this highly competitive market. According to the management, the company aims at placing its customer’s preferences at the forefront. Thus, the management conducts frequent market studies to gain customer views with regard to improving the quality of goods. In addition, such studies are important in adopting the best problem solving approaches within the firm.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Brook Food Company specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Mono This firm is a branch of a multinational organisation known as ALI Group, which has 73 companies that carry out operations in 26 countries. It is one of the pioneer firms in the manufac ture of equipment that are applied in the food industry. The machines that are sold by the organisation meet the ISO9001 and ISO4001 standards. Across the globe, the management of Mono Company ensures that customers are provided with added-value services so that they could be loyal consumers. In the context of the proposed, the mixers marketed by the firm cannot be accepted because they do not have adequate capacity. In addition, they do not meet the specification requirements. Alimec The business establishment was started in 1983 and in Italy. It specialises in designing and manufacturing equipment for large-scale production of sandwich, cakes and muffins, among other confectionery products. The management of the company gives value addition by offering customers free trials for testing their purchased machines. In fact, consumers are invited for testing to ensure that products meet their required standards. However, the FDF manufacturer cannot accept the equipment of the organisat ion because they are too large. In addition, mixers and ovens do not meet product specifications. Quest The company is located in the UK and it is involved in the production of baking equipment, which could either be complete or in the form of unit machines. Their machines are used by both local and foreign firms in the UK with the of conducting various operations with regard to baking. The mixers and depositors of the firm are very good in the context of the proposed project of increasing the production capacity of FDF Company. However, their ovens do not meet specification standards that are crucial in producing high quality baked products, which would result in an increase of market share and gain of competitive advantage. Competitors Stance and Capabilities Raise Bakery Raise Bakery is a family-owned bakery company with its headquarters in Sussex, in the UK. The company manufactures a diverse range of tasty products that have enabled it to gain significant market share. Essentia lly, the company produces baked cupcakes for several airlines such as Virgin Atlantic and Qatar Airways.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Due to the high quality of these products, most of them are sold to first class passengers of the airways that make up a large segment of the company’s market share. In fact, the family business has a long history of supplying high quality baked products to the flight companies. It has been providing the goods on the premises that it understands the needs of customers and any dynamics that would be associated with consumers. Market research has enabled the firm to identify the types of cakes and muffins that its customers need. Due to the broad spectrum of customers with regard to their origins and tastes, the marketing department of the firm conducts frequent surveys that are intended to gain important insights of customer needs. As a means of attracting and retaining customers, the company ensures that it packages its products in gorgeous materials that are focused on capturing the attention of clients. The company specialises in the production of moist sumptuous cakes on a large scale, though they retain bakeds of these are Mon Cheri, Ferrero Rocher, Hanuta, and Giotto, among others. Conclusion It is apparent that the envisaged project would be accomplished by using equipment from Brook Food Company that is based in the UK. The firm focuses on selling and servicing both new and used baking machines to both and international customers. The analysis of the four competitors analysed in this paper shows that they are sizeable firms that have local and foreign markets. Thus, strategic management and marketing approaches will have to be adopted to gain market share and competitive advantage.

Bernard Arnaults Leadership

Bernard Arnaults Leadership Introduction Many are the times that people pose to evaluate others whom they consider as leaders. A major mistake that they (people) all make is to associate leadership with public visibility and greatness. This perception inhibits one’s capacity to develop and nurture leadership skills (Ogbonna Harris 2000).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Bernard Arnault’s Leadership specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More If only people could change their perception about leadership, they could be able to identify their leadership talents and therefore work towards improving them. Daft posits, â€Å"Leadership comes in all shapes and sizes, and many true leaders are working behind the scenes. Leadership that has big outcomes often starts small† (2011, p. 6). This paper will focus on the leadership of Bernard Arnault. Arnault as a Leader Bernard Arnault is considered a leader because of his success in LVMH Company. The company deals with fashion products, which makes it one of the toughest businesses to operate. Despite the numerous changes that keep on arising in the fashion industry, Bernard is able to keep pace with the changes (Givhan 2002). Fashion business requires a leader who is able to identify what to modify or drop to enhance its performance. Arnault is one such leader who accentuates success in LVMH. Under Arnault’s enormous merchandise dexterities, LVMH has managed to rise into one of the biggest companies in the manufacture and sale of cosmetics, jewellery, and perfumes. Through his leadership, brands like Fendi, Vuitton, and Christian Dior gained popularity thus becoming the most preferred perfumes. By comparing Arnault’s background and his success in LVMH, one would not doubt that he is one the leaders that are rare to find. After graduating with an engineering degree, he assisted his father in a construction company (Givhan 2002). He always wished to trade in lux ury products, a dream that led to him purchasing Boussac. Later, he sold Boussac and purchased part of LVMH. In spite of having limited knowledge in fashion industry, Arnault had leadership traits, which helped him gain control of the company gradually. His ability to manage a business and creativity are some of the factors that make him a great leader. Strengths and weaknesses Situational theories of leadership suppose, â€Å"Leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variables† (Vecchio 1987, p. 445). Prior to making any decision, leaders evaluate the situation to determine the appropriate course to take. The same happens with Arnault. One of the Arnault’s strengths is his ability to evaluate business environment and change his operation style to cope with the prevailing situation.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For instance, A rnault started with purchasing majority of the luxury brands, which helped him grow his financial base, as well as, expand his business. However, economic changes in the early 21st century led to many people ceasing to use many luxury goods. To make sure that LVMH continues to do well in the market, Barnard embarked on a quality improvement strategy. His ability to maintain the brand quality is what has helped the company remain competitive across the globe. One of Arnault’s weaknesses is his ambition to establish a business conglomerate that encompasses all luxury products. On one side, the ambition might be of significant benefit since it helps to reinforce the financial base of the business. The problem arises when it comes to managing all the brands. Despite Arnault having leadership skills, he is unable to manage many brands leading to some of his brands encountering financial challenges (McKee, Kemp Spence 2013). In the early 2000, Barnard was forced to scale back some of his brands because he could not sustain them. Arnault’s inability to manage many brands is what made him focus on a few brands. Arnault as an Effective Leader An effective leader is one that is able to identify opportunities and capitalize on them (Druskat Wheeler 2003). Arnault is a visionary leader who has helped LVMH to achieve its current growth. Since Barnard assumed leadership of LVMH, the company has relentlessly worked on improving the quality of its products. One of Arnault’s leadership styles entails identifying brands that are preferred in the market and working on enhancing the quality of these brands. Upon analysing how Arnault makes decisions to purchase a particular brand, one learns that he focuses on renowned brands. The recent intention to purchase Hermes depicts Arnault’s ambition to dominate the fashion industry. Currently, LVMH’s brands are very competitive in the market. Under Arnault’s leadership, LVMH continues introduc ing novel fashions and styles in the fashion industry (Druskat Wheeler 2003). Currently, Arnault’s leadership is witnessed in at least 60 brands across the globe. Fashion brands such as Christian Dior, Donna Karan, and Fendi are major testimonies of Arnault’s personal leadership. His emphasis on quality made these products popular in the market. In spite of Christian Dior being in the market for a long time, the brand is still popular. Many customers prefer it to other rival brands. Arnault’s leadership has helped LVMH attain its current glory in the fashion industry.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Bernard Arnault’s Leadership specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Despite Arnault helping LVMH dominate the fashion industry, he has a number of shortcomings in his management style. He is an aggressive leader who settles for nothing short of the best. This trait underlines the reason why he purc hased numerous brands during his early years in LVMH. One of the major limitations of Arnault’s leadership style is that it generates unhealthy competition in the industry making it hard for majority of the infant industries to grow. He uses this style to incapacitate the young companies, therefore, getting a chance to purchase them. In the process, he ensures that he cuts down competition levels in the market. A good management style is the one that is open and transparent. Nevertheless, Arnault’s management style shows a level of dishonesty (Wetlaufer 2001). After learning that Hermes was doing well in the market, he sought to collaborate with the company in the production of some of the fashion products. What the management in Hermes’ Company did not know is that Arnault aimed at purchasing Hermes’ stock gradually, therefore, gaining control of the company (Thomas 2011). Eventually, he would assume leadership of the company thus managing all its operat ions. In a way, Arnault harboured an ulterior motive when he decided to invest in Hermes. He did not care about the company’s leadership as well as clients. All he wanted was to gain control of the company and or divert all its income to himself. Conclusion Bernard Arnault is a visionary leader who has helped LVMH to attain its current success in the fashion industry. Desire to dominate the fashion industry led to Arnault buying numerous fashion companies immediately after he became the leader of LVMH. Under his leadership, the company has improved the quality of majority of its brands making them outstanding in the market. Nevertheless, his leadership has had several limitations. For instance, in his effort to expand his conglomerate, Arnault ends up harming the young companies thus making it hard for them to grow. In other words, his management style discourages competition, which is of great value to customers. References Daft, R 2011, The Leadership Experience, United Sta tes, Thomson.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Druskat, V Wheeler, J 2003, ‘Managing from the boundary: the effective leadership of self-managing work teams’, The Academy of Management Journal, vol. 46 no. 4, pp. 435-457. Givhan, R 2002, ‘The French Connection: Bernard Arnault Built a Fashion Empire, but Dont Expect Any Air Kisses’, Washington Post, vol. 1 no. 1, pp. 13-19. McKee, A, Kemp, T, Spence, G 2013, Management: A Focus on Leaders, Pearson Education, Australia. Ogbonna, E Harris, C 2000, ‘Leadership style, organizational culture and performance: empirical evidence from UK companies’, The International Journal of Human Resource Management, vol. 11 no. 4, pp. 766-788. Thomas, D, 2011, The Battle for Hermes, https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424053111903596904576517151602728260 Vecchio, R 1987, ‘Situational Leadership Theory: An examination of a perspective theory’, Journal of Applied Psychology, vol. 72 no. 3, pp. 444-451. Wetlaufer, S 2001, ‘The Perfect Parado x of Star Brands: An Interview with Bernard Arnault of LVMH’, Harvard Business Review, vol. 1 no. 1, p. 116.

Week 3 womens health Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Week 3 womens health - Assignment Example In the ongoing pregnancies in her life, there might occur risks of very preterm delivery, prenatal death, low birth weight, and premature preterm rupture of membranes (Gabbe, 2012). The patient required anticipatory follow-up guidance which I provided. This guideline contained education about pregnancy, birth, and parenting; safe sexual practices, good diet habits, and the importance of early prenatal care. I told her that she should receive and understand all detailed instructions about signs and symptoms of complications such as infection or retained products of conception and also contact information access (Paul et al., 2011). One recommendation, I will consider is to reduce the risk brought about by the previous adverse pregnancy outcome. This is mainly by the discussion of unwanted pregnancies as well as the enhancement of life options. This reduction would help prevent and minimize health problems for the patient and the child (Taylor & James, 2011). In conclusion, both men and women who have acquired the childbearing age should understand the risks involved in childbearing. Pregnancies should, therefore, be planned and intended. Through implementation of the above-mentioned recommendation, the vision of preconception health and outcomes of pregnancy will be

Ethics in Scientific Journals Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Ethics in Scientific Journals - Essay Example Ethics is very important in scientific journals. It is very important to note that when reporting any scientific information, care should be exercised. Over the recent past, scientific journals have gained a lot of popularity. Currently, there are journals for scientific research, where scientific researchers would publish their reports, especially those that are either urgent or not large enough to make a book. There are occasions where scientific research is reported in the main media channels. It is very important to ensure that when reporting scientific information, correctness is maintained. This would ensure that any misleading information is eliminated; hence they do not reach the masses. Whether published in the scientific journals or main mass media, there would always be a review done to ensure that ethics, among other factors, are maintained in the report. Scientific reports, unlike other reports, are having a greater impact. Rollin (12) says that scientific reports are de pended upon by many professionals for application in various fields. The reports are always subjected to peer review because of the consequences with which they have when misinterpreted. Aristotle (23) says that scientific journals would be peer-reviewed before publication to ensure that any misleading information is completely eliminated. This scholar gives an example of a medical report. The world has witnessed the emergence of many new health complications that have necessitated research. Some of the existing stubborn diseases like HIV/AIDs have also called for scientific research to unravel the mystery behind them. When a report about such diseases is made, medics would always rely on them in their normal duties. This is an issue about someone’s life. If any information is given about them, then it would be putting the lives of many people at risk. This will not only be a criminal offense, but also a very unethical term. The same is the case with other professionals like engineering because the consequence would result in bodily harm. Unlike political reports that are always full of speculations, scientific reports would not always sustain any speculations. There are no rumors in a medical report. The report must be precise and without any form of doubt. If there is a need for further research because some parts of the research are not conclusive, it should be made clear so that this part needs further research. As such, any person using this material would know that the research is not conclusive in other sections. When applied, the person would know that the material is not conclusive and therefore would know the limits within which the report would be valid Scientist should therefore keenly review media reports about their studies and work to correct any misleading statements. It is a common phenomenon that journalists would be interested in reporting various facts about scientific research.