Describe The Scope Of Business Ethics

The mise en scene of ethics indicates its subject matter. Ethics as normative science deals with incorrupt ideal or the good in order to enquire the nature of our conduct. It enquires into the nature of the springs of actions, motives, intentions, voluntary actions and so on. It determines rightness or wrongness of human actions. It does not enquire into the radical and growth of human conduct. As a science of morality ethics dissertatees the contents of moral consciousness and the various problems of moral consciousness.Ethics is concerned with the highest good or absolute good. It investigates the nature of its fundamental notions i. e. right, duty and good. Moral designs passed on our voluntary actions are to a fault included within the scope of ethics. In discussing the moral judgment it has also to concern with the nature, object, faculty and standard of moral judgment. Moral sentiments and feelings are arising in our mind when we contemplate about the moral judgment and th erefore, ethics has to discuss the nature of moral sentiments to moral judgment.The scope of ethics includes whatever has reference to free human acts, whether as principle or cause of action (law, conscience, virtue), or as effect or circumstance of action (merit, punishment, etc. ) Ethics discusses the nature of human freedom. Ethics investigates what constitutes good or bad, just or unjust. It also inquires into-what is virtue, law, conscience and duty? What obligations are common to all? What is the good in all good acts? These questions lie within the scope of ethics. The sense of duty, oughtness or moral obligation and the responsibility for actions are also included within the range of ethics.The particular aspect under which ethics considers free acts is that of their moral goodness or the rectitude of order involved in them as human acts. A man may be a good artist or public speaker and at the same time a morally bad man, or, conversely, a morally good man may be a poor art ist or technician. Ethics has merely to do with the order which relates to man as man and which makes of him a good man. Thus we find that although Ethics is not a guidebook of moral rules as a branch of philosophy Ethics seeks clarification of terms used in moral language.The meta-ethical problems fall within the scope of philosophical aspect of Ethics. There are other meta ethical discussions related to the nature of moral judgments, the logical basis of ethical evaluation etc. The employ dimension of Ethics is known as Applied Ethics that falls within the broad field of Ethics. These comprise the areas of situational Ethics while Meta Ethics deals with logical and semantic questions like What do we mean by freedom and determinism etc.Ethics is essentially related to all other branches of knowledge like sociology, political science, jurisprudence, law and lawful study, psychology, anthropology, culture study, ecology and environmental study, economics, religion, aesthetics and other similar areas. Ethics is concerned with political, sociological, cultural, psychical, economic, environmental, religious problems in pursuit of highest good. So these problems have an additional gift in the scope of ethics. With the emergence of new technology there is scope for widening the scope of ethics to address new issues

United Airlines

United Airlines employees seem utterly incompetent. The recent dog death casualty is only the latest in a string of situations in which United employees have screwed up. But the incidents dont reflect a competence deficit at the air hose they reveal a culture problem and Uniteds leadership must take specific actions to jumble it.United Airlines CEO Oscar Munoz must take specific actions to fix the culture problem at his company. (Photo by Jim Young/Getty Images)The ProblemWhen Dr. David Dao refused to give up his seat on a plane last year, specifically United have a bun in the oven employees under contract carrier Republic Airlines called airport security who ended up dragging him off the plane.Weeks later, a United gate agent refused to resign two young girls to board a plane because their leggings didnt adhere to the airlines dress code for pass travelers. And just last week a flight escort insisted on putting a dog in an overhead bin because its carrier wouldnt fit under t he seat and assured the dogs owner that it would be lovely up there.The dog was found dead upon arrival at the destination.These employee actions are deplorable and quite a disconnect from the companys brand slogan Fly the hearty Skies. The employees seem comp permitely opposite from those featured in the companys recent Olympics advertisements which aimed to show that their superhero-like qualities enabled them to ensure the safe, smooth, and fun passage of Olympic athletes as well as fooling customers.The contrast between the companys brand aspirations and its actual operations couldnt be sharper.The DiagnosisAlthough Uniteds employees seem to be at fault, the underlying cause is the companys lack of culture leadership. CEO Oscar Munoz and his colleague leaders are responsible for the huge gap between the companys brand identity and organizational culture.They have failed to engage, guide, and motivate employees adequately and appropriately.Munoz is credited with stabilizing the airlines manpower after the poorly executed merger of United Airlines and Continental Airlines in 2010 resulted in a widespread lack of trust between the airlines management and its workers.He also has boosted Uniteds position in monthly on-time performance rankings of U.S. airlines from near the bottom to middle of the pack or better.But he and other United executives have non been effective in cultivating the culture at the company. In fact, they have contributed to an unhealthy and poor-performing corporate culture byMaking vapid promises and setting vague values. after(prenominal) the disaster with Dr. Dao, the airline rewrote its overbooking policies and promised to empower employees to act in the moment to put customers first. Munoz pledged that every customer deserves to be treated with the highest levels of service and the deepest sense of self-worth and respect. The company initiated a new employee training program called core4 to emphasize the companys four core val ues caring, safe, dependable, and efficient.Clearly the recent dog death, along with several other incidents in the past year involving pets being delivered to incorrect destinations and/or dying while under Uniteds care and the fact that the airline remains among the highest of U.S. airlines for complaints, indicate that whatever changes the leaders have implemented have not delivered on their promises.The training has not been effective and its values are at best aspirational and more likely inconsequential.Prioritizing operational performance over employees. Uniteds on-time and financial performance gains seem to have been achieved on the backs of its employees. On online forums, flight attendants routinely complain about what they view as consult understaffing.This, combined with the increase in quick turns due to more aggressive flight scheduling, means that attendants have similarly much to do in too short of a time during the boarding process. They arent paid until the ai rcraft pushes back from the gate and theyre held accountable for departures delayed by lack of in-cabin readiness. Its easy to see why they a lot rush through procedures and indiscriminately follow procedures.Not respecting or listening to employees.United recently announced that it would discontinue quarterly bonus payments to most employees and would replace them with a lottery-based system in which those who qualified for the lottery through participation in the core4 program could win prizes.When employees doed in an uproar, Munoz explained that the programs intent was to spice up the process a little bit. His comments suggest that leaders view employee compensation as something needing an injection of fun instead of understanding its role in meaningfully engaging employees and alter to their livelihood.Also his statement, Well be working over the next couple weeks to make sure we get input from people at all levels, suggests that employees were not adequately consulted durin g the conception of the change.RecommendationsSetting prescriptive values. Setting policies and procedures do not help to anticipate every customers and also dictate the appropriate employees response. Employees must be guided by clear and prescriptive values that help them determine how to handle unforeseen or difficult situations. Vague values such as caring dont translate the specificity that employees need to help them make the right in-the-moment decisions. But if Uniteds leaders were to articulate and abide by values such as listen carefully and respond respectfully, they would increase the likelihood that customers would be treated appropriately.Empowering and equipping employees. Its important for employees to develop emotional intelligence and learn effective communication skills, their hands shouldnt be level(p) by restrictive policies that dictate certain customer handling and they shouldnt face serious consequences for improvising when the situation calls for it. Moods and emotions influence how well the employee follow the decision process. Leaders should let the employee to have the freedom to make judgement.Aligning employee experience and customer experience.Employees can and will only deliver an experience to customers that they experience themselves , so leaders must train employees the way they want employees to treat customers. Therefore, managers should motivate their employees. If managers only follow procedures and dont take the time to understand what their employees need, employees are going to operate by the book unheeding of what customers might really need. If employees are treated as if their behavior is less important than airline performance, they will care less about customers well-being and more about on-time departures and efficient operations. This will affect the companys profit growth. But if leaders listen, value, and trust their employees, Employees will likely to listen to, value, and maintain loyalty of the customers.

Cybercrime and Privacy – Essay

A sense of covert leads to a counterfeit sense of security, consequently resulting in sitting personal information and property at risk of infection. Cyberneticss look for flaws in peoples security. Even with laws passed to enhance the security of the internet, people who are uninformed about the miniscule amount of privacy that they have might still put personal information online that could lead to their identity being stolen. tally to a study by Javelin St footstepgy & Research, In 2011 alone, 11. 6 million adults fell victim to identity theft, one of the ajar cybercafs.To prevent mistakes In security, one essential know what the mistakes are. One of the biggest mistakes Is exposing ones information processing system to viruses. Cyberneticss crumb access Information on a computer If It Is not protected. It Is not wise to keep passwords on a computer connected to the internet. Another mistake is giving personal information such as your name, social security number, relia nce card information, etcetera to someone over e-mail. Even something as plain as putting the name of someones cat on Faceable or Twitter can compromise their ID if they eave utilize the common question What is the name of your pet? As a security question. Buying items online with an account that is cerebrate to a personal or life savings account is dangerous. Protecting ones information is very important. along with knowing the mistakes, individuals must also employ safeguards to protect themselves against cyberneticss. Run virus scans often to look for ill-judged software that Is accessing personal Information. Protect against cyber thieves by setting up a firewall. Keep password abstruse 6. Use credit card with small limit. 8. Treat info like cash 10.Check your bank accounts and credit reports A simple password protecting private information is like a safe with a tin foil lock. Although piracy, or illegally downloading material, is a cybercaf, the focus of Internet laws must be put on more major crimes. Illegally downloading computer material is the equivalent of petty theft when compared to the more serious cybercafs. Some might argue that piracy is a serious crime. The major cybercafs are ID theft, wire fraud, computer fraud, and money laundering where there are serious damages and attention strong personal loss to the victim or victims.Even though privacy may be lost, these major evils must be found and prosecuted. Some people find It hard to define cybercaf, It Is important to understand the divers(prenominal) types of crimes that can be linked to computers, for example, hacking Into a telephone company to enjoy free telephone calls is a type of computer crime and pirating software is computer systems, particularly computer banking systems, so attractive for legitimize purposes, that is, security, efficiency, make them attractive for illegitimate purposes such as money laundering.According to sources in US, the internet has impacted upon crimi nal or harmful activity in three ways first, the internet has become a fomite for communications which sustain existing patterns of harmful activity, such as drug trafficking, hate speech, stalking and so on. The Internet circulates information about how to bypass the security devices in mobile telephones or television decoders.The execute cybercaf is not so much different from that of conventional crime as both include submit which causes breach of rules of law and fought by the punishment from the state. Current definitions of Cybercaf have evolved and of course differ depending on the raze of view of the observer protector/ and victim. But the definition is broader including activities such as fraud, unauthorized access, child pornography, and cyber-stalking.Cybercaf is a subcategory of computer crime and it refers to criminal offenses committed using the internet or another computer network as a component of the crime. Cybercaf is a crime related to technology, computers and the internet and it concerns governments, industries and citizens worldwide where cyber crime takes the form f either piracy, appearing (obtaining free telephone calls), cabinetmaking, subdirectories and copyrightable. Cybercafs are now much easier to commit.The higher rate of attacks indicates that cybercafs can now be performed by those in the general public, without any insider knowledge. At the same time, dependence on computers has reduced the ability to prevent cybercafs, because crimes can now no longer be detected as easily, and even when detected they are difficult to stop. Cybercaf causes billions of dollars in losses every socio-economic class a great cost to society. This conclusion raises further questions about how much of this crime could be prevented.At what point to corporations decide that it is more profitable to invest in security than to suffer losses? Are the methods of spy cybercaf of this kind, as covered in this essay, enough? As of now, the answer is no. As cybercaf becomes more widespread, affects a larger number of people, and causes larger amounts of damage, it is important to investigate ways of dealing with it, ways of reducing the risk of it, and ways of preventing it.

Biol 130 First Midterm Notes

Unit 1 Introduction to the Cell Robert Hooke built the starting line microscope (30x magnification) viewed slices of phellem c anyed cadreula (little rooms). Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek worked with glass huge improvement in quality of lenses nearly 300x magnification became possible first to ob dish * iodine- jail cellular ph nonp ariled organisms animalcules * protists from pond body of weewee * b doingerium from his m step forwardh father of microbiology * blood cells * banded frame in muscle cells * sperm from 1830s Compound microscope improved magnification and resolution and in allowed visualization of objects less than 1 ? . 1000-1500x magnification Beginning of Cell system Robert Brown (botanist) noticed that either plant cell contained a round structure called it kernel-nucleus Matthias Schleiden (an other(a) botanist) all plant tissues be composed of cells embryonic plant endlessly arose from a single cell Theodor Schwann (zoologist) similar observation s in animal cells recognition of structural similarities btw plants and animals * Cell Theory approach patternulated by Schwann Cell Theory 1. all organisms consist of one or much cells 2. he cell is the basic unit of structure for all organisms 3. added 20 years later all cells spring notwithstanding from pre-existing cells fact (scientific) an attempt to state our best current on a lower floorstanding, ascendantd on observations and experiments(valid only until revised or replaced) Steps in Scientific Method 1. make observations 2. use inductive cerebrate to develop tentative explanation (hypothesis) 3. make predictions basebornd on your hypothesis 4. make further observations or design and carry out controlled experiments to test your hypothesis 5. nterpret your results to see if they support your hypothesis Theory a hypothesis that has been tested critically under many variant conditions andby many different investigators . using a variety of different approaches. By the time an explanation is regarded as a possibility it is widely reliable by most scientists in the cell * the solid ground of science evolution, germ theory, cell theory *If a theory is thoroughly tested and confirmed over many years by much(prenominal) large numbers of investigators that there is no doubt of its validity it may eventually be regarded as a law.Gravity, laws of thermodynamics, laws that govern behaviour of gases Strands of Cell Biology 13 cytology 1600s Hooke looks at cork Leeuwenhoek looks at lashings of things 1800s Brown notes nuclei bio-chemistry synthesis of urea in lab fermentation done by cells glycolysis Krebs cycle e very(prenominal) cell comes from a cell Schleiden & Schwann act uponulate cell theory electron microscopy stains & dyes transmissibles Mendel, pea plants deoxyribonucleic acid chromosomes chromosome theory 1930s desoxyribonucleic acid manifold helix desoxyribonucleic acid sequencing Dolly the sheep nano-technology communicable code blithesome MicroscopyBright bailiwick light passes through specimen, contrast is slow and specimen is hard to see stagecoach contrast contrast is changed by changing light in microscope DIC uses optical modifications to change contrast betwixt cell and background due to density differential Staining stain used to visualize cell and components, only some stains give the axe be used on living cells 14 bright field phase contrast DIC unstained (sperm cells) stained blood cells tissue small intestine Fluorescent Microscopy fluorescent fixture dyes bind to protein or DNA to see where they are in cells tracks movement Electron Microscopy(S postning & Transmission)SEM scan rise of specimen to form image by detecting electrons from outer surface. Good surface images TEM forms image from electrons dismission through specimen therefore fine details of internal organelles 16 SEM TEM Basic Properties of Cells * are exceedingly complex and organized * components molecules macro molecules (organelles ) enclosed in plasma tissue layer * use the identical genetic platform Central Dogma * DNA RNA protein * are capable of reproducing themselves * must first replicate genetic material acquire and use might (bioenergetics) and carry out a variety of chemical chemical reactions (cellular metabolism) * guide many processes that are highly conserved at the molecular level * membrane structure, genetic code, adenosine triphosphate synthesizing enzymes, actin filaments, eukaryotic flagella, * engage in many mechanical activities * transport of materials in/out, indoors * assembly and disassembly of structures * motility / movement * oppose to environmental signals * move away or toward stimuli * respond to hormones, growth factors, etc * are capable of self-regulationhomeostasis most evident when control systems break down defects in DNA replication, DNA repair, cell cycle control Two Classes of Cells karyon = nucleus Prokaryotic Cells lack of nucleus, NO CY TOSKELETON(very small), membrane bound organelles. intimatelyly unicellular. bacterium and Archaea. Single, circular strand of DNA(fewer proteins). Cell groyne in appendix to PM 1-10 uM in diameter. 2 compositors cases 1. Eubacteria all keep up cells walls except for mycoplasma(resistant to antibiotics that target cell wall synthesis). Mycoplasma(smallest) Cyanobacteria (largest and most complex). 2.Archaeabacteria all confound cell walls and are k todayn as extermophiles, occupy massive range of habitats, halophiles=salty, acidophiles=acid, thermophiles= hot. Eukaryotic Cells 10x larger than prokaryotic cells, membrane bound nucleus/organelles. More complex DNA due to histones/proteins. 4 free radicals 1. Protists- very diverse group mostly single cells algae, piss molds, slime molds, phylum Protozoa 2. Fungi single cell(yeast) or multi-cellular(mushrooms) and have cell walls. Heterotrophs depend on external source of original compounds 3. Plant cells- multi-cellular and have cell walls. . Animals- multi-cellular, no cell walls and are heterotrophs Cytoplasm everything mingled with plasma membrane and nuclear membrane, includes all membrane-bound organelles (except nucleus) Cytosol only fluid component Endomembrane system internal membranes that are either in direct contact or connected via transfer of vesicles (sacs of membrane). including nuclear envelope / membrane, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles Nucleus stores genetic information Endomembrane System creates intracellular compartments with different suffices.Endoplasmic reticulum (ER rough, smooth), Golgi apparatus, lysosomes. Mitochondria generate energy to power the cell Chlorop perishs confiscate energy from sunlight, convert to carbohydrate Cytoskeleton regulates cell formulate, movements of materials within the cell, movement of the cell itself Flow of Traffic in EMS Rough ER synthesis of proteins for export (secretion) insertion into mem branes lysosomes Golgi apparatus collection, publicity & distri thoion Lysosomes * cell stomachs have enzymes that can digest * all 4 classes of biological macromolecules worn-out organelles (mitochondria replaced every 10 days) * material brought into cell by phagocytosis Phagocytosis plasma membrane engulfs smaller molecule and then called phagosome. Lysosome takes it in and digests, small particles are releases into the cytoplasm. Autophagy lysosome digests a damaged organelle, small particles are released into cytosol. mitochondria (all eukaryotic cells) and chloroplasts (plant cells) * contain DNA that encodes some ( merely not all) of their own proteins * have unusual double layers of membranesOrigin of Eukaryotic Cells Endosymbiont Theory * once believed that eukaryotes evolved gradually, organelles becoming to a greater extent and more than than complex * now accepted that early eukaryotes originated as predators * certain(p) organelles (mitochondria, chloroplasts) evo lved from smaller prokaryotes engulfed by larger cell * later chloroplasts and the skill to perform photosynthesis Symbiosis Mutual Advantage advantage to host cell * aerobic respiration (aerobic bacteria mitochondria) * photosynthesis (cyanobacteria chloroplasts) advantage to bacteria * protected environment supply of degree centigrade compounds from host cells other prey Evidence Supporting Endosymbiont Theory mitochondria and chloroplasts * are similar size to bacteria, reproduced by fission desire bacteria * have double membranes, consistent with engulfing mechanism * have their own ribosomes, which resemble those of prokaryotes rather than eukaryotes in terms of size, composition and sensitivity to antibiotics * have their own genomes, which are organized like those of bacteria last besides not least(prenominal) * are genetically similar to proposed parent bacteria rather than ukaryotic cells Cytoskeleton pregnant in * cell shape * cell motility * movement / position o f organelles * movement of materials within cell * movement of chromosomes during mitosis Cytoplasm in a living cell is never static * cytoskeleton is constantly macrocosm taken apart and rebuilt * organelles and vesicles are racing back and forth * can cross the cell in 1 atomic number 42 * unattached proteins moving randomly, but rapidly * can visit every deferral of the cell within a few seconds * contents of cytosol are in constant thermal motionCommon to all cells * selectively permeable plasma membrane * genetic code mechanism of transcription and translation * ATP for the transfer of energy and metabolic pathways Model Organisms 45 Unit 2a Intro to Cellular Chemistry Most Common Elements in Living Organisms * C H O N make up 96% also P and S are prevalent too * Exist as complex macromolecules and simpler forms like pissing and carbon dioxide nucleus dense core in centre, consists of protons and neutrons electrons continually orbit the nucleus of protons delimita te feature of an portion = atomic number protons + neutrons = mass of an atom = mass number by default, an atom is neutral, with protons = electrons electrons influence reactivity of an atom Atomic mass = atomic number + of neutrons (electrons are leave out because mass is so small) Isotopes same number of protons but different number of neutrons in the same element Anion gain electron and are negatively charged Cation lose electron and are positively chargedOutermost valence shell influences an atoms reactivity * electrons in outermost shell valence electrons * unpaired valance electrons determine the number of tie ups an atom can make * atoms with filled valance shell = most permanent, atoms that are closest to filling are most reactive * elements abundant in organisms have at least one unpaired valence electron Some Definitions covalent bonds two or more atoms contend pairs of valence electrons * strong bonds of biological systems non-covalent bonds, including * loft bonds * hydrogen bonds (H-bonds) * hydrophobic interactions olecule group of atoms held unneurotic by energy in a stable association compound molecule composed of two or more different types of atoms Types of Covalent Bonds * electrons shared equally * non-polar covalent bond * can be single (like H2), double (O2) or even triple, depending on number of electrons shared * electrons not shared equally * polar covalent bond * one of the atoms has a stronger pull on the electrons than the other * pull on electrons = electronegativity * water is the most abundant molecule in biological organisms * human body is 70% water water as a solvent can dissolve more types of molecules than other molecule known * the mansion of water is key to its role in biology hydrogen bonding electrical attraction amid disconfirming atom and partial positive of hydrogen hydrophobic no affinity for water water fearing hydrophilic affinity for water water loving hot-base Reaction substance t hat gives up (donates) protons acid (increases H+ in solution) substance that accepts protons base (decreases H+ in solution) chemical reaction that involves transfer of protons acid-base reaction * most olecules act as either an acid or a base * water can be both (both gives up and accepts protons) weak acid very few molecules dissociated (acetic acid, water) strong acid readily gives up protons (hydrochloric acid) when pH = pKa species is 50% ionized Carbon is the most distinguished element in biology carbon atoms give biomolecules their shape but other atoms attached to carbons determine their reactivity * critical H, N, O containing attachments called utilitarian groups *learn orgo working(a) groups for this courseMacromolecules * large, organized molecules that are typically created by polymerization * biological macromolecules (biomolecules) provide the structure and carry out the activities of a cell 4 groups * carbohydrates(polysaccharides) * lipids(fats) * proteins * nuc leic acids * monomers of groups are different chemical reactions used to make the gyves are similar Overview of Macromolecules 3 Proteins more functions than any other group of macromolecule * enzymes catalysis accelerate chemical reactions transport through cell membranes, in circulation * support cytoskeleton, fibres of cartilage, hair, nails * signalling / regulatory hormones, membrane proteins, intracellular messengers * movement- of the cell itself contracted proteins, flagella within the cell motor proteins * defense antibodies, complement proteins Proteins are Polymers * amino acids are connected in linear polymers of a specific date * 20 genetically encoded amino acid monomers to pick from * make of amino acids (AAs) = peptide or polypeptide polypeptide folded and coiled into a specific conformation = protein * sometimes 2 or more peptide drawing strings (subunits) combine to form mature, functional protein Amino Acid social system AAs are ionized under physi ological conditions ionization increases solubililty, facilitates interactions with to each one other and other solutes, increases reactivity (zwitterions) 7 non-ionized ionized R group unique to each AA oxygens tend to pull electrons away, fashioning it easy to lose proton gains a proton Amino Acid Side Chains R Groups * nonpolar hydrophobic R groups no charged or electronegative atoms to form H bonds * insoluble in water * R groups bury themselves with the peptide chain to hide from water * polar side chains soluble in water * uncharged but partial charges can form H-bonds * charged groups containing acids or bases highly soluble in water AA are colligate together by covalent peptide bonds carbon from carboxyl group is cogitate to N terminus of amino group. R groups and central Cs do not participate in the bond. Condensation Reaction making the chain Hydrolysis breaking the chain Polypeptide chain side chains extend from peptide-bonded backbone * chain is pliable can rotate at single bonds on either side of peptide bonds * so side chains are not all projecting to one side * chains can be from 2-3 to thousands of AAs in length * backbone is directional, convention is to number AA residues starting at N terminus this is the primary duration Sickle Cell Anemia disease in which red blood cells are abnormally shaped. Caused by single point mutation which results in substitution of single amino acid in one chain of hemoglobin protein Protein StructurePrimary Structure unique sequence of amino acids unoriginal Structure Folding into elements of structure, hydrogen bonding between amino acids(R groups not involved). 2 shapes alpha helix and important pleated sheet(parallel and antiparallel). * learn more Tertiary Structure- interactions of elements of secondary structure forming a global fold, folded into these unique shapes by ionic bonds (electrostatic),hydrogen bonds, disulphide bridges, hydrophobic interaction, van der waals dipole-dipole(al l non-covalent except for S-S). gear up of amino acids determines final shape.Maintain globular shape even if very weak. Quaternary Structure more than one polypeptide chain put together to form the final functional protein, linked by covalent and non-covalent interactions. Protein Domain segment of polypeptide that forms a compact, stable and independently folding structure. oft the building blocks for larger, more complex proteins. Disulfide bonds * covalent stabilization of protein structure found in secreted proteins (destined for a more hostile extracellular environment) * formed in ER (oxidizing environment)Once folded, do proteins ever unfold? changes in physiological or chemical conditions (pH, salt concentration, temperature) mental disturbance of H-bonds, ionic bonds, disulfide bridges, etc that maintain the proteins shape protein denatures or unfolds assertable to renature Do proteins ever fold awry(p)ly? any mutation that leads to a missing or incorrect amino aci d can lead to wrong folded protein WHY 32 Possible outcomes mutation leads to incorrectly folded protein * protein never functions properly loss of function protein folds properly at first but unfolds under certain conditions eventually loss of function * protein misfolds AND is deposited in insoluble aggregates within cell * loss of function and disruption of other aspects of cell activity * many human diseases now known to be associated with misfolded proteins . Alzheimers, cystic fibrosis, type II diabetes, retinitis pigmentosa, Parkinsons, Creutzfeldt-Jakob, some cancers *read or so catalysts and enzymes in Janelles notes, page 8-9 Nucleic Acids Information Polymers * deoxy ribo nucleic acid (DNA) sequence of subunits in DNA polymer directs RNA synthesis * ribo nucleic acid (RNA) * RNA directs ordering of AAs in a peptide chain * information stored as DNA sequences enables living organisms to pass on hereditary information * also allows each cell to pass on hereditary informa tion to the next generation of cells Monomers of Nucleic Acids Deoxyribo radicals phosphate + deoxyribose + nitrogenous base(A,C, G, or T) Ribo nucleotides phosphate + ribose + base (A,C,G, or U) Nucleic acids are linear (unbranched) polymers of nucleotides * each nucleotide consists of three parts * a nitrogenous base a (5-carbon) pentose mark * a phosphate group Purines = A&GPyramidines= C,T and U * Ribose + base = nucleoside * Ribose + base + phosphate = nucleotide Functions of Nucleotides * monomeric units of RNA and DNA * important signal molecules within cells * cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) * important agents in energy transfer reactions * cleave off phosphate group to release stored energy * act as coenzymes organic non-protein molecules required for enzyme function * usually adenine-containing nucleotides combined with B vitamins 8 condensation reaction 5 end beginning of chain. Chains always built 5 3.Look at supra case phosphate group is 5 3 end where new bases can be added polymerization rxns are endergonic * making phosphodiester bonds requires energy * energy comes from addition of 2 phosphate groups. * Activated nucleotides = nucleotide triphophates The most famous phosphorylated nucleotide adenosine triphosphate = ATP 11 adenine 4 5 5 6 1 2 3 9 4 8 7 1 3 2 O P CH2 O O O P O O O P O O O OH OH O NH2 N N N N ribose adenine + ribose (= adenosine) Secondary Structure of DNA two strands of DNA align in antiparallel arrangement with bases facing inwards. H-bonds form between bases. P P P P P P P P C C G G AA T T P O O O O O O O O O O O C G OH P Note 3 H-bonds between C and G, 2 between A and T. Only space in the starting line phosphate backbone is for Pyramidine and Purine to bond together. Features of DNA Double Helix * stabilized by H-bonds between complementary bases and hydrophobic interactions between bases * entire molecule water-soluble because charged phosphates backbone face outbound * study and minor grooves are operativ e in regulation of gene transcription Higher Order DNA Structure DNA molecules can adopt higher(prenominal) order structure Allows for compact packaging and strict regulation of gene expression RNA vs DNA like DNA sugar-phosphate backbone covalently linked by phosphodiester bonds * 4 different bases unlike DNA * uracil (U) instead of thymine (T) * pairing is A-U, C-G * sugar is ribose instead of deoxyribose * hydroxyl group makes ribose much more reactive * RNA is much less stable than DNA Secondary Structure of RNA like DNA * H-bonds form between complementary base pairs unlike DNA * most of the time, this base-pairing is between bases on the same strand * leads to formation of stem and grummet structures with single-stranded regions and double-stranded antiparallel regions * H-bonding is spontaneous, stabilizes the molecule final molecule is single-stranded * Complex folds can result in some RNA having catalytic activity Carbohydrates * Group of molecules that contain carbon, hy drogen and oxygen in a 121 ratio (CH2O)n Only monomers are in this ratio, oligomers you lose water * Monomer= monosaccharide * Dimer=disaccharide * Trimer=trisaccharide/oligosaccharide Types 1. Monosaccharides simple sugars 2. Oligosaccharides small chains (oligo=few) * Attached to proteins glycoproteins * Attached to lipids glycolipids 3. Polysaccharides very long sugar chains veritable(prenominal) Structural Features of Sugar Monomers carbonyl group (either ketone or aldehyde) * lots of -OH groups * vary in length of carbon skeleton (C3, C5, C6, ) triose, pentose, hexose * isomeric forms (glucose, fructose, galactose) * identical chemical groups arranged differently * monosaccharides often form rings in solution Isomers same atoms, different arrangements structural isomer identical groups but bonded to different carbons stereo (optical) isomer identical groups bonded to same carbons but in different orientations sixteen different hexose structures possible, all with form ula C6H12O6 C OH C OH OH H C OH H HO C H C O H C OH H H C OH H C OH H C OH H HO C H H C OH H structural isomer stereo- isomer H C C O HO C H H C OH H C OH H HO C H H C OH H fructose glucose galactose *arrangement of hydroxyl groups make a big deflexion in biological function Disaccharide 2 sugar monomer * glucose + fructose = sucrose(table sugar) * glucose + lactose = lactose * glucose + glucose = maltose makeup of disaccharides by condensation reactions. monomers are linked when C1 of one monosaccharide binds to a C on another(prenominal) often C4 geometry of bond different depending on hether OH group of C1 is in ? or ? position which C of other sugar is involved in linkage 7 C1, ? C4 ?-glucose ?-glucose maltose, ? -1,4 glycosidic bond ?-galactose ?-glucose lactose, ? -1,4 glycosidic bond (glucose has flipped over) C1, ? C4 Polymerization to build Polysaccharides amylum both are storage forms for energy starch plants glycogen animals both consist of ? -glucose monomers link ed by ? -1,4 bonds both coil into a helix (due to geometry of linkages) starch is mixture of unbranched amylose and branched amylopectin glycogen is highly branched lycogen Structural Polysaccharide in Plants Cellulose 9 polymer of ? -glucose, joined by ? -1,4 linkages each glucose is flipped relative to beside ones allows for H-bonding between adjacent strands extremely stable most abundant organic molecule on realm parallel strands joined by H-bonds Structural Polysaccharide in Animals Chitin a component of cell walls of fungi, exoskeletons of arthropods (insects, crustaceans), radulas of molluscs, beaks of cephalopods second most abundant organic molecule on earth like cellulose, joined by ? 1,4 linkages but rather than glucose, monomer is N-acetylglucosamine like cellulose, also strengthened by H-bonding btw strands 10 Structural Polysaccharide in Bacteria Peptidoglycan component of bacterial cell walls the most complex CHO so far two different change monomers linked by ? -1, 4 bonds chain of amino acids attached to one of the sugars peptide bonds instead of H-bonds (stronger) Significance of how monosaccharides are linked * ? -1-4 linkages of starch and glycogen readily hydrolyzed * ? 1-4 linkages in structural polysaccharides very resistant to enzymatic degradation For example enzymes that digest cellulose (cellulase) produced only by certain classes of bacteria, fungi and protozoa Difference between glycosidic bonds from peptide and phosphodiester bonds in common * condensation reactions different * peptide and phosphodiester bonds always occur at the same position within their monomers * each sugar monomer has several hydroxyl groups, and geometry of glycosidic bonds is highly variable Functions of Carbohydrates Structural * cellulose, chitin and peptidoglycanCell-cell recognition * membrane proteins covalently bonded to oligosaccharides Energy Storage * ? -1,4 linkages of starch and glycogen are readily hydrolyzed to release stored energy Lipids * group of carbon-containing compounds that are largely non-polar / hydrophobic * significant proportion of a given lipid molecule is hydrocarbon * the only macromolecule that is not a polymer major groups of lipids in cells * fats / oils energy storage * sterols * cholesterol membrane component * steroids hormones * * Phospholipids * major component of biological membranesFats (Triacylglycerols, Triglycerides) * form that fat is stores in apidose tissie * glycerol with 3 fat acids attached * the link between glycerol and adipose acid = ester bond condenstation rxn (liberates water) * hydrophobic * fatty acid(carboxylic acid with long hydrocarbon tail) Saturated Fatty Acid have maximum number of hydrogen atoms on each atom straight and flexible because of only single bonds Unsaturated Fatty Acid contain at least 1 double bond. The double bond is rigid and creates a kink in the chain. The rest of the chain however is free to rotate about C-C bonds.Cis H on the same side of doub le bond dont solidify easy Trans H on the opposite side of the double bond. Hydrogenation making a fat saturated/more solid at room temperature to improve shelf life therefore less healthy. Sterols group of steroids base on cholesterol(important component of cell membrane) Phospholipids * 1 glycerol, 2 fatty acids, 1 phosphate group(polar head group) * Amphipathic = hydrophilic and hydrophilic regions their most important feature with respect to biology Micelles sphere with hydrophobic tails hide in centre . Can only occur with relatively short tails Lipid Bilayer prevalent Structure for all Biological Membranes composition varies with type of organism (prokaryote vs animal vs plant vs ) type of cell within organism (muscle, liver, sperm, egg, ) type of membrane within cell (plasma membrane, Golgi, ER) inner versus outer layer different patches or domains within a particular membrane Fig 11-4 two closely apposed sheets of lipids, studded with proteins lipids serve as permea bility barrier proteins perform most of the functions carbohydrates (sugars) attached to protein and lipids in a non-random manner *all membrane lipids are amphipathic Lipid bilayers form spontaneously hydrophobic molecules would exclude water, clustering together to defame energy cost of organizing water molecules * form large droplets or surface film * amphipathic molecules are outlet to conflicting forces * solved by formation of bilayer * energetically most favourable stable, spontaneous * lipid bilayers are * closed no free edges * self-sealing * important feature for cell fusion, budding, locomotion Fluid arial mosaic Model * The plasma membrane is described to be fluid because of its hydrophobic integral components such as lipids and membrane proteins that move laterally or sideways throughout the membrane.That means the membrane is not solid, but more like a fluid. * phospholipids are constantly moving spinning in place travel laterally within leaflet * phospholipids a re occasionally flipped to the opposite leaflet during membrane synthesis but they rarely flop back * even proteins cruise slowly through the membrane Membrane liquid state how easily lipid molecules move within a membrane leaflet Alignment of phospholipid tails * tightly packed tails membrane more viscous, less fluid * freely moving tails higher fluidity What aspects of phospholipid composition influence this? length of fatty acids * from 14-24 carbons, 18-20 carbons most common * degree of saturation of fatty acids double bonds * typically one saturated fatty acid and one with one or more double bonds Cholesterol * under physiological conditions, cholesterol makes membrane stiffer less fluid * cholesterol can make up to 50% of plasma membrane lipid in some animal cells principle of Membrane Fluidity fluid state must be maintained for normal cell function strategies for maintaining membrane fluidity * change composition of membranes * alter phospholipids desaturate fatty acid s (to deal with cold) eg cold water vs sensitive water fish * change length of FA chains (yeast, bacteria) * adjust amounts of cholesterol (animals) these mechanisms have been demonstrated in * pond fish dealing with dramatic day / night temp differences * cold-resistant plants * extremophile bacteria living in hot springs * winter wheat preparing for autumn polyunsaturated FAs * sperm reduce their cholesterol just earlier fertilization Functions of Lipids * storage of chemical energy * signal molecules * vitamins * wax coating on leaves * biological membranes

Pain and Yoga Application Paper

Yoga Application cover Kristen Sullivan Immaculata University Yoga Application Paper Originated in ancient India, Yoga typically means union between the mind, personify and spirit. It involves the practice of physical postures and poses. As the attend suggests, the ultimate aim of practicing Yoga is to create a balance between the body and the mind and to attain self-enlightenment. In order to accomplish it, Yoga makes use of different movements, breathing exercises, relaxation technique and meditation. Yoga is associated with a healthy and frothy lifestyle with a balanced approach to life.It increases the lubrication of joints, ligaments and tendons of the body. Studies in the field of medicine suggest that Yoga is the only(prenominal) blueprint of physical activity that provides complete exercise to the body, because it massages all the internal organs and glands. This in turn reduces the happen of many diseases. Yoga can create a positive permanent difference to the lifesty le of anybody practicing it on a regular basis (Weil, n. d. ). The whole system of Yoga is built on three main structures exercise, breathing, and meditation.The exercises of Yoga argon knowing to put pressure on the glandular systems of the body, thereby increasing its efficiency and total health. The body is looked upon as the primary instrument that enables us to work and evolve in the world. Breathing techniques are based on the concept that breath is the source of life in the body, gently increasing breath control to break the health and function of both body and mind. These two systems of exercise and breathing whence prepare the body and mind for meditation, in turn finding an easy approach to a quiet mind that allows muteness and healing from everyday stress.Regular daily practice of all three parts of this structure of Yoga produce a clear, bright mind and a strong, capable body (Weil, n. d. ). The tradition of Yoga has always been passed on individually from teacher to student through oral teaching and practical demonstration. The formal techniques that are now known as Yoga are, therefore, based on the collective experiences of many individuals over many thousands of years. The particular manner in which the techniques are taught and practiced today depends on the approach passed down in the line of teachers supporting the ndividual practitioner. As to a greater extent has become known about the beneficial effects of Yoga, it has gained acceptance and respect as a blue-chip method for helping in the management of stress and improving health and well-being (Weil, n. d. ). A determine in the journal Spine (Williams et al. , 2009) indicates the benefits of yoga as a treatment for cover hurt and confirms the importance of staying active when rehabilitating the spine and seeking pain relief, a point that may initially seem counterintuitive to patients just now should not be lost.In the analyze, 90 spur pain sufferers (aged 23 to 66) were split into two assemblys, with one group acting 90-minutes of Iyengar yoga twice a week for six months and the other maintaining their regular treatment over that fourth dimension period (Williams et al. , 2009). At both the third and six months, the yoga participants noted significant improvements in both pain and functioning, and were also less likely to be depressed (Williams et al. , 2009).Pain levels were measured via questionnaires assessing the amount of pain medications being taken, difficulties performing certain tasks, and other metrics (Williams et al. , 2009). Previous studies have noted how extensive yoga programs have resulted in improvements in strength, flexibility and endurance for patients with back pain, and now this research seemingly adds more credence to the effectiveness of yoga and its fury on relaxation, flexibility and core strengthening as a treatment for these symptoms.While the principles of yoga may still be foreign to many people, patients should keep a n open mind when exploring treatment options. While exercise may urge initial worries of exacerbating pain, such activities can often have wonderful therapeutic effects, not only physically but spiritually. Physical therapists, doctors of chiropractic, physiatrists and many other medical professionals may prescribe yoga programs, and are honest sources to learn more about the benefits of physical activity as opposed to immobility for degenerative back pain sufferers.A proposed plan to implement yoga as an alternative therapy and to evaluate its effectiveness could include gathering a sampling group of people who are patients at a pain management practice for chronic back pain. Often these patients are on various pain medications and muscle relaxers to minimize their pain and discomfort. Of the sample group, half of the patients would be weaned off of their medications under the supervision of the doctor. This half of the sample group would then be started on a 12-week yoga prog ram instructed by a rained yoga instructor while taking no medications. The other half of the group would continue on the current prescribed medications and given a underlying stretching regimen to follow by a physical therapist. The participants will complete a questionnaire former to beginning the study, as well as at 3 week intervals to assess their pain levels. At the end of the study the results of the questionnaires compared between the 2 groups will show if the yoga program has been effective or ineffective.This study will also show the comparison of pain levels between pain medications and the yoga program to provide info on the effectiveness of the medications. References Weil, R. (n. d. ). Yoga. Retrieved from www. medicinenet. com/yoga/article. htm Williams, K. , Abildso, C. , Steinberg, L. , Doyle, E. , Epstein, B. , Smith, D. , Cooper, L. (2009, September 1). Evaluation of the effectiveness and efficacy of Iyengar Yoga therapy on chronic low back pain. Spine, 34(19) , 2066-2076. http//dx. doi. org/10. 1097/BRS. 0b013e3181b315cc

Manufacturing Industry and Fair Trade in Australia

The question that is being studied here(predicate) is of unemployment, and this is clearly non being lost because of upshots. The calculations have been made by the Australian Center for industrial Relations Research and Teaching, and they say concomitants about the net changes in the rate of employment between 1988 and 1998 in a number of industrial sectors. It can be resonaten that at that place is a clear decline in employment in eight sectors of effort during this decade. There was a net loss of about 250,000 jobs and more than than sixty percentage of the loss was in argonas where there was no competition.This concerned employers like Commonwealth Bank, SECV, solid ground Rail NSW, AMP, and the federal public services. (Do importations constitute jobs Whats wrong with honorable trade? ) Comp ard to this, the total number of plurality employed in sector of textiles, clothing and footwear manufacture in Australia has been 80. 2 thousand as per the figures available for 1998. (Manufacturing employment) The important atomic number 18as of job loss have been in the manufacture of different products with low import threats, and where the imports come from gritty wage countries. The exception is in the facial expression of textile, clothing and footwear TCF.In the case of these products, the imports are from medium wage countries and that import is 36. 0 percent of the total grocery store for these goods in Australia. The largest import is from China, and they are now selling 20 percent of all TCF goods in Australia. (Do imports cost jobs Whats wrong with fair trade? ) This has been confirmed at meetings of the productivity commission regarding the future of industry in the city of Melbourne and the nation of Victoria. In the public hearing, they have also confirmed that if the recommendations of the commission are implemented then there would be a nonher loss of 30,000 jobs.An industrialist, Brian Rush had this to say about the textile ind ustry Commodity sewing, as such, in Australia has a real struggle in front of it. Our all-up intentness rates in Bendigo, with all the add-ons, are about $28 an hour. You go to China and its less than 50 cents an hour. (Textile jobs under threat. 2003) It is not that the government is not aware of the situation in the country and has already allocated $575 million for the textile, clothing and footwear sector under the Strategic Investment Program as stated by the minister for Industry, tourism and Resources.His statement said Australias $9 billion textile, clothing and footwear manufacturing industries can now apply for enthronisation and R&D assistance under the package which has been closely and extensively negotiated with industry players. (Australia Textile, clothing & footwear sector investments worth AU $575mn approved, 2005) But this does not seem to have helped the workers as in 1 case, the workers sacked by National Textiles on January 21st are still on a 24 hour picke t outside their factory and that is located about 170 kilometers north of Sydney.There are 342 workers and the claimed dues are on account of entitlements which are not paid consisting of leave on a per year basis, sick leave, long service, redundancy payments and superannuation. (Sacked Australian textile workers picket for $11 million in non-paying entitlements) Regarding TCF, the economists at Reserve Bank have stated that about one third of the jobs lost in clothing are due to low wages and that is a total of 28,000 jobs. For footwear this amounts to 6,000 jobs lost.Well this seems to defy that fair trade is the main curtilage for the lost jobs but they have also stated contempt this large import effect, productivity improvements accounted for about two-thirds of the fall in employment in this sector (Do imports cost jobs Whats wrong with fair trade? ) This can be seen from a comparison of the figures of 1994 and 1999 where in the case of machinery and equipment the product ivity has risen by 23. 2 percent and the job losses have been only 3. 9 percent diminution.In the TCF sector, the increase in productivity has been 15. 1 percent and the job losses are 15. 3 percent. (Do imports cost jobs Whats wrong with fair trade? ) When one looks at the total employment figures the picture becomes purge clearer with a reduction between 1974 and 1999 with a total reduction in textiles clothing and footwear by 53 percent, whereas in transport equipment and machinery the reduction was by 39 percent and in metallic products by 29 percent. Thus it is clear that employment is on the way down with a total reduction by 22 percent.This is hurting the workers as 24 percent of the total workers were employed in manufacturing in 1974, but this came down to just 12 percent in 1999. This does not mean that this section of industry has started producing less, and the production has increased, but the gains have not been passed on in terms of additional workers. This is refle cted in the fact that the major portion of Australias workers is now engaged in the service sector 82 percent of them. (Productivity bearing Move to scrap tariffs sooner quite an than later)To some extent the mismatching of the Australian government timing of spic-and-spanspaper clipping the protection of the textile, clothing and footwear sector with the change of the global TCF industry to get into a new form of organization, the commodity chain is also responsible. Due to this change, some Australian TCF manufacturers could not continue problem any longer, while the others followed a number of strategies to remain in business, and these including a change of the labor required. This has conduct to losses in jobs determined by age, gender and ethnicity in the skilled and semi-skilled levels of production.This has been replaced by jobs in design, selling and management. The jobs in the factories of Australia have to the Pacific Rim. (Trade and inequality Australias textile, clothing, and footwear industries, 1986-1996) As an example one can see that in December, there was a reduction by the Sara Lee clothing factory of 200 workers in the factories of Sydney, Wollongong and Kempsey. The number was half of the total employees of workers in the organization. This high society now plans to get most of the production for the company done at Fiji, where the labor is cheaper.A similar decision was also taken by Levi Strauss, the famous jeans manufacturer. They are now planning to cut down about 60 percent of the workers in Elizabeth, tight Adelaide. They amount to 100 workers. (Australian Job Losses) For many of the workers this means social changes and increases unemployment rates in many areas starring(p) to losses in consumer demand for products. For the people there are long term effects on health due to the loss of jobs and finding a job when one is over 50 is not easy.For the company also it is a loss of manufacturing capacity. Productivity Commiss ion Move to scrap tariffs sooner rather than later) In the meantime, a new breed of employers has come up and these are the employment agencies. They offer high efficiency when placing the employees in a firm. They claim to offer economies of scale due to their being a specialist third party managing the aspects of personnel management like recruitment. This is normally the function of the personnel department. They also precede to lower transaction costs and thus increase efficiencies due to the matching involved.Yet it is not real popular as in 2003 a survey showed that organizations are victimisation hired employees for the purpose of getting workers for immediate requirements. Yet, a survey showed that 42 percent of the firms believe that there are good benefits for the firms using hired employees. The perceived benefits are the reduction of administrative costs, being able to go through a thorough process of recruitment and getting skilled workers. A very small portion of the firms gave their reason as reduction of employee cost due to lower payments.Temporary employment agencies as labor market intermediaries new ways of working in an open economy) According to a study done by ABS in June 2002, there were 290, 000 employees hired through the employment agencies at that time. This is a 3. 1 percent contend of the total employment market. According to them the organizations which had a union with a closed shop had the least view of using a labor hire agency. This is thus a limiting factor on labor hire agencies. The positive factor for a labor hire agency is an organization with an employee relations manager.These managers are knowledgeable about the different sources from where they can get labor, as also the different types of labor with them. They are more likely to use the agencies when appropriate. Yet organizations hire labor sparingly and along with other conciliatory forms of labor like part-time labor and casual labor. (The Growth of Labo r Hire Employment in Australia) It is wrong to expect the free traders or the fair traders to really have the interests of the workers at heart. One has to gather in that the problem in part arises from the present chase for productivity and international competition.

Competencies Job Analysis

Background to the study Organizations continuously change their processes and structures due to the ever-changing forces In the environment (Beer, 1980). Such forces Include divestiture, changes in technology, working practices, employment legislation, and culture (Appear & Gondola, 1998). This transition frequently means change in employees graphemes and relationships thus the need for systematic Job summary procedures such as competence analysis to remove ambiguity and Improve role clarity In order to warrant consistency with the new environment.Competence analysis is that part of job analysis that is concerned with functional and behavioral analysis to determine work-based competencies and establish behavioral dimensions that affect Job performance (Armstrong and Baron, 1995). It Is a human imaging putz that generates competence profiles that provide human resource baseline data which is utilized to design human resource instruments such as competence based Job descriptions that enhance role clarity in organizations.The achiever of competence analysis depends on the role incumbents capacity to uncover acid knowledge and role complexities and the analysts hold out to gulled role incumbents in the process. This removes ambiguity, improves role clarity and enhances reflective learning leading to improved individual and organisational performance (Immune, boss & Buoy, 2003). Many organizations in Uganda and most Sub-Sahara Africa lack this vital human resource jibe to produce generic role definitions.This has resulted Into role ambiguity consequently leading took related stress, Job dissatisfaction that reduces organizational commitment and productivity abstinently undermining the overall individual and organizational performance (Immune et a/. , 2003). 1 The importance of Involving role Incumbents In profiling competencies was neglected In the Job analysis exercise carried out In 2003 by Uganda Telecoms Limited (TTL), this culminated into role ambigu ity that has persisted to date.