International Finance and Financial Management Essay

International Finance and Financial Management - Essay ExampleThe bottom-up approach is the opposite of top-down approach, dealing runner with companies and then the industry groups and finally the economy. Fundamental analysis has its strengths in forecasting long-term trends, determining the companys fair value in terms of asset valuation, steady balance sheet, earnings stability, and staying power1.There are certain risks that investors have to put up with when investing in stocks. A company may face unmatched or more of the several sources of fundamental risk, namely, business risk, financial risk, liquidity risk, exchange rate risk, country risk, interest rate risk, and credit risk2.Domiciled in Seattle, US, Microsoft has its offices in 100 countries. As per the information excerpted from its annual report for the year 2006, Microsoft reported a net income of $12.5 billion. Such profitability, however, does not get achieved without taking risks. Investors need to be aware of what risks Microsoft tackles with in order to satisfy its stakeholders.Microsoft, in its operations, encounters business risk which is the risk of uncertainty over cash flows caused collectible to a number of reasons. Microsoft faces intensive competition across all markets for its products and services. 1Jones, C.P. (1996). Investments Analysis and Management. John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York. 2Clark, E., Levasseur, M., & Rousseau, P.(1993). International Finance. Chapman & Hall, New York.Its competitors range from Fortune 100 companies to small, specialized single-product businesses. With low barriers to entry, this business ingredient is facing a fierce competition general. These competitive pressures have the capability to threaten Microsofts sales volumes and operating costs resulting in lower revenue. Microsoft faces a scrap in combating unlicensed use of its software and intellectual property rights3. It spends a fortune every year to educate the public regarding abuse o f its software. However, continued educational efforts may not succeed in implementing Microsofts desired security objectives and any reductions in the legal protection of its intellectual property rights can adversely travel revenue. Due to its geographic dispersion, Microsoft is subject to tax risk. Tax risk affects investors because it affects net earnings4. Being accountable for tax in the US as well as numerous foreign jurisdictions, there is uncertainty over Microsofts tax liabilities. Therefore, tax provisions may not be accurate which can significantly misdirect its earnings. Other examples of business risk that may affect Microsofts revenue are delays in product development, lawsuits and claims, changes in accounting standards, and maintaining uniformity in pricing structures due to global presence. Another challenge for Microsoft is to tackle with market risk that comprises of foreign exchange risk and interest rate risk. It is quite obvious that having operations worldw ide Microsoft is deemed to face risk of foreign currency losing value relative to its domicile currency. However, as mentioned in its annual report, Microsoft manages this risk by hedging its foreign